关于以太坊Pectra升级,你需要知道的一切

marsbitPublished on 2025-02-28Last updated on 2025-03-01

编者按:本文介绍了 Pectra 升级,它是以太坊的重大改进,分为三个主要领域:改进以太坊账户、提升验证者体验和扩展数据块。文章详细介绍了多个 EIP(以太坊改进提案),包括 EIP-7702、EIP-7251 等,提升账户功能、减少验证者操作复杂度以及提高网络效率。此外还探讨了如何通过增加数据块容量来扩展网络,并逐步实现无状态客户端的目标,推进以太坊网络的安全性和可扩展性。

以下为原文内容(为便于阅读理解,原内容有所整编):

以太坊正在改进账户功能,简化网络验证,并提升数据块的效率。本文将介绍 Pectra,这一备受期待的升级,带来了许多新的以太坊改进提案(EIPs),第一阶段已经上线。


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2 月 24 日在 Holesky 上线

3 月 5 日在 Sepolia 上线

一旦该实施成功,主网更新日期将会确定。我们可以预计在测试网实施后 3 到 9 个月之间进行主网更新。Pectra 是一次相当重要的升级,带来了多个 EIP 的改进:


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我们可以将这些改进分为三个关键领域:

·改进以太坊账户

·改进以太坊验证者的用户体验

·扩展数据块的能力

让我们深入了解一些即将推出的 EIP,以及它们如何提升以太坊协议和用户的体验。


改进以太坊账户:EIP-7702


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EIP-7702 将以太坊的协议层推进至账户抽象。它通过扩展以太坊的外部拥有账户(EOA)功能,加入智能合约功能,包括:

·交易批量处理:在一笔交易中执行多个操作

·燃气赞助:允许没有 ETH 的账户由他人支付交易费用

·更多的身份验证和恢复机制


改进以太坊验证者的用户体验:EIP-7251/7002/6110


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· EIP-7251:将验证者的最大余额提升至 2048 ETH,并允许他们在更大的活跃质押上自动复利奖励。此前,奖励仅考虑 32 ETH 的余额。此外,较大的验证者现在可以将多个 32 ETH 的验证者合并为一个。

·️ EIP-7002:通过允许执行层地址触发提款(只要它被设置为「可提款凭证」),减少了信任假设。之前,只有验证者才能触发退出。

· EIP-6110:取消了验证者存款和它们被添加到排队中的 2048 块延迟。预计这一时间将从 9 小时减少到 13 分钟。


扩展数据块:EIP-7691


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随着数据块的成本上升,扩展数据块的需求也随之出现。

通过 EIP-7691,数据块的容量将增加 50%:目前,每个以太坊区块大约可以容纳 3 个数据块(在需求高峰期最多可达 6 个)。实施 EIP-7691 后,平均将支持 6 个数据块,在高需求时可达 9 个。

进一步扩展数据块的下一步是减少存储所有数据块的需求,并转向子网,这仍然可以用来验证数据块数据。


Pectra 中的其他 EIP 包括:

·EIP-2537:将操作的安全位数提高到 120 位以上,当前为 80 位以上。

·EIP-2935:为无状态客户端做准备,该 EIP 建议将历史区块哈希存储在状态中,作为区块处理逻辑的一部分。通过合约存储实现,EIP 允许平滑过渡,不影响区块哈希逻辑。Rollup 将能够从更长的历史中受益,并直接查询存储合约。

·EIP-7549:该 AIP 专注于提高 Casper 客户端的效率。通过减少验证共识所需的配对数量来实现,尤其是去除 Casper 客户端认证消息中的三个元素之一:委员会索引。通过将其移出认证消息,达成共识的投票现在可以更高效地聚合到区块中,将每个区块的投票数量从 2 个插槽提高到 8 个。

·EIP-7623:EIP-7623 提议增加 calldata 成本,是对 L2 影响较大的开发之一。该提案旨在调整调用数据成本,以应对平均(100KB)和最大区块大小(7.15 MB)之间的差异。这不会影响普通用户,仅涉及主要用于发布数据的交易。

这一增加将通过一个基础费用引入,该费用取决于在调用数据操作上消耗的燃气比率:减小区块大小以容纳更多数据块,或增加燃气限制。

·EIP-7685:引入一个框架来存储由智能合约触发的请求。这允许由智能合约控制的验证者将管理操作委托给后者,从而减少中介的需求。

·EIP-2935:为无状态客户端做准备,该 EIP 建议将历史区块哈希存储在状态中,作为区块处理逻辑的一部分。通过合约存储实现,EIP 允许平滑过渡,不影响区块哈希逻辑。Rollup 将能够从更长的历史中受益,并直接查询存储合约。

此次升级的重点是以太坊的一个重要信号;我们知道这些改进早在很久以前就已开始,并不是对近期批评的回应。然而,专注于简化网络安全、改善以太坊账户功能和扩展数据块的能力,正是实现以太坊所需的关键发展方向之一。

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