以太坊宣布新框架 Open Intents Framework,L2 为什么还要谈扩容?

链捕手Published on 2025-02-20Last updated on 2025-02-20

作者:0xFacai,BlockBeats 

 

2 月 20 日,以太坊基金会宣布推出宣布推出 Open Intents Framework,由以太坊生态各个领域的 30 多个团队推动,实现全生态互操作性加速发展。据 EF 官方表示,这是一个模块化、开放的框架,旨在让任何链都能无缝将意图传递给用户,并提升跨链用户体验。

显然,EF 的这一新框架旨在推进其 L2 生态之间更进一步的流动性整合及费用降低。而近几个月来,关于「L2 反哺 L1 能力」的讨论十分频繁。由于 ETH 价格表现持续疲软,市场上关于以太坊生态经济格局的不满情绪愈发强烈,许多人认为 L2 作为生态的重要组成部分,没有也无法完成对 ETH 本身的价值捕获。

L2 危机,不止于「反哺」

L2 反哺 L1,帮助 ETH 实现价值捕获,这是加密行业在过去几年对以太坊生态未来几年的主导想象。然而过去一年以太坊 L1 的「收租情况」却与大家最初的愿景相差甚远。

以 Arbitrum 为例,其向生态内的 Layer 3 平台收取 10% 的手续费,而其本身作为 Layer 2 平台却只向以太坊支付 2% 的费用。而在 Blob 机制上线后,L2 的平均运营费用更是一落千丈。

与此同时,受到 Solana 生态的强劲冲击,整个以太坊生态的疲软表现更是直接地体现在了整个 L2 板块。据 L2BEAT 数据,L2 总 TVL 自去年底开始便持续下跌,其中仅在 2 月初的一周时间里,OP、ZKsync 及 Starknet 等头部 L2 TVL 便下跌了约 5% 左右,L2 板块的脸上活跃度与 Gas 消耗也跌至冰点。

 

然而在这种情况下,EF 仍然在近几个月坚持推行 L2 的扩容路线与升级。在近日的官方博客中,EF 宣布以太坊 Pectra 网络硬分叉升级计划将于北京时间 2 月 25 日 05:55 在以太坊测试网 Holesky 上线。Pectra 也是继去年 Dencun 后的又一重大升级,其主要目标就是改善 L2 生态的扩容能力。

这是为什么呢?

实际上,即便是在 blob 的助力下,L2 仍然面临着费用争夺的问题。去年 10 月,Scroll 开启 SCR 空头认领,以太坊网络 blob 费用瞬间被推高至 4.52 美元,达到数月以来的高点,而随着 L2 活动放缓,blob 费用又迅速回落至接近零的成本。

此前,blob 费用大幅上涨的情况已经出现过两次,一次是在去年 7 月 L2 活动激增期间,另一次则是在更早的 3 月,Blobscriptions 铭文潮火热期间。

有研究员分析指出,blob 费用增加对以太坊来说是一把双刃剑,更昂贵的 blob 会导致向网络支付更多的 blob gas,但同时它们也在推高用户在 L2 上执行交易和转账的成本。而从实际情况看,每当以太坊生态活跃度较高时,blob 这一扩容机制几乎是形同虚设。

另一方面,blob 空间的争夺战也让 L2 龙头、「以太坊唯一希望」的 Base 感受到巨大压力。

今年 1 月,Base 联创 Jesse 在推文中表示,L2 的增长已受到 blob 费用限制的严重影响,一些由日常需求驱动的压力使得网络费用出现周期性价格飙升。值得注意的是,Jesse 自去年 9 中旬起便一直在强调解决扩容问题是 Base 当下的工作重点,而解决问题的方式并非依靠以太坊网络的原生机制。

今年 1 月,polynomialfi 联合创始人 gauthamzzz 在博客文章中提到,以太坊 L2 正面临严重瓶颈,目前 55% 的 blob 空间被少数几条 L2 完全消耗掉,按照当前 L2 的增长趋势,以太坊 L2 生态将在 2025 年 5 月达到最大容量,届时若该问题还未得到解决以太坊生态将面临崩溃。

当前,以太坊每个区块仅有 3 个 blob,而现实情况则是数十个 L2 在争夺这 3 个宝贵的存储位置,这就好比数十个不断发展的城市在争用一条仅有三车道的高速公路。

当前,blob 的平均使用率已接近 100%,而这些 blob 存储的使用量高度集中于 Base 等极少数头部 L2 中。更多 L2 要么没有人用,要么就是在有热度时呈现出超高的交易成本。许多社区成员认为,即便在 Pectra 升级后,每个区块的 blob 数量由 3 个增加到 6 个,也很难挽救当前的 L2 困境。

「L2 互通」能解决问题吗?

在这样的背景下,「L2 互通」就成了解决缓解危机的重要途径。一方面,这可以解决以太坊生态流动性割裂的现实情况,另一方面,它也可以将头部 L2 的存储需求均摊出来,分给有需求的其他 L2。

去年 5 月 Vitalik 就曾表示:「我们需要一个开放的去中心化(无操作员、无管理)协议,用于将资产从一个 L2 快速转移到另一个 L2,并将其集成到钱包的默认发送界面中。但在对任何花哨的玩具过于执着之前,先做好基础工作。」Vitalik 称,当前最大的用户体验问题是 L2-verse 感觉不够「像一个统一的以太坊」。

今年 1 月,Vitalik 再次在博客文章强调 L2 之间强化互操作性的必要性。他表示,L2 面临两个主要挑战:规模、异质性挑战,除了提升 L1 和 L2 的硬件扩容实力外,各 Layer2 和钱包之间还需要加速改进并标准化互操作性,使以太坊更像个「单一的生态系统,而不是 34 个不同的区块链」。

然而现实情况或许并没有那么简单,在众多已经上线的 L2 中,大多数 L2 已发行了自己的原生代币,这意味着这部分 L2 在经济层面已经与 ETH 以及以太坊生态间接脱钩。换句话说,当前的大部分 L2 盈利模式仍以「卖币」为主,而非像 Base 这样单纯依靠排序器费用创造收益。

这使得大多数 L2 在未来的「经济利益对齐」问题上,会优先选择考虑自身代币的价值捕获,更趋近于与其他 L2 保持竞争而非共享关系,对 ETH 本身的「朝贡」则更是趋于表面文章。在实现「大一统政权」的道路上,以太坊这个分封王朝似乎没有太多强劲的筹码,「L2 互通」的实际成果还需要等待时间验证。

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