NFT的未来悬而未决:SEC监管引发的艺术家诉讼

比推Published on 2024-08-29Last updated on 2024-08-29

来源:WIRED

作者:Jessica Klein

编译:比推BitpushNews an


自 2013 年起,乔纳森·曼 (Jonathan Mann) 的唯一工作就是每天在网上创作并发布一首歌。从“Yeah, I’m Rocking a Headband”到“Joe Biden, Retire”(7 月 1 日发布)等歌曲,他的流行曲风既富有奇思妙想又紧跟时事。虽然其中一些歌曲会成为病毒式传播的热门,但康涅狄格州的曼恩(又名“每日一歌曼恩”)表示,赚钱却是“一件苦差事”。通过Bandcamp 平台的销售和 YouTube 的广告收入“从来没赚到多少。”会议演出和广告歌曲比赛填补了收入的空缺。然后,NFTs(非同质化代币)出现了,这让曼恩能够为他的歌曲附加独一无二的基于区块链的代币,买家可以轻松购买独特的线上版本。这项技术彻底改变了他的音乐销售方式。

乔纳森·曼表示,“NFT 是一种简单的方式,可以捕捉到[病毒式]关注所带来的经济收益”。他可以直接将歌曲卖给买家,而不需要涉及像唱片公司那样会抽成的第三方。此外,他还可以对 NFTs 进行编程,以便通过二次销售赚取额外收入。他声称,2018 年,他的 NFT《B-U-I-D-L》(这个标题是加密行业的俚语)是第一个在以太坊区块链网络上发行的代币化歌曲,并以 2.56 ETH(撰写时价值超过 5600 美元)的价格售出。此后,他的一些热门歌曲已经以五位数的美元等值价格售出。

然后,事情再次发生了变化。2023 年 8 月,美国证券交易委员会(SEC)宣布与销售包含数字图像的 NFT 的媒体娱乐公司 Impact Theory 达成了一项超过 600 万美元的和解。大约一个月后,SEC 表示,它与一个名为 Stoner Cats 的项目也达成了类似的和解协议。该项目涉及名人夫妇米拉·库尼斯和艾什顿·库彻,他们通过出售 NFT 动画猫筹集资金,以制作一部同名动画网络剧集。(库尼丝和库彻都为剧中角色配音,而库尼丝的 Orchard Farm Productions 参与了制作。)Stoner Cats 同意支付 100 万美元的罚款。

根据美国证券交易委员会(SEC)的说法,这两个项目进行了“未注册的加密资产证券发行,形式是所谓的非同质化代币(NFT)”。换句话说,SEC 之前从未对艺术品或 NFT 销售提供明确的规则,但现在却迅速将一些与 NFT 相关的数字艺术品指定为证券,这意味着它们必须在委员会注册。曼恩认为,这些决定可能会动摇已经存在了几个世纪的艺术行业的运作方式。

7 月 29 日,曼恩与概念艺术家兼律师的布赖恩·弗莱(Brian Frye)在路易斯安那州联邦地方法院对 SEC 提起了一项诉讼,诉讼的开端提出了一个简单的问题:“艺术应该由 SEC 监管吗?”

“我们并不是自由意志主义者或反政府者,”曼恩说。“SEC 的行为直接影响了我谋生的能力,进而影响了许多其他 NFT 艺术家。对我来说,这才是重点:保护我们在互联网上进行实验和谋生的能力。”

曼恩和弗莱由律师杰森·戈特利布(Jason Gottlieb)代理,正在寻求 SEC 的“判决声明”,即通过发布两个特定的 NFT 艺术项目,他们“没有违反美国证券法”,根据诉讼内容,曼恩希望出售 10,420 个 NFT,每个大约 800 美元,这些 NFT 是歌曲《This Song Is a Security》的混音版本,这首歌提到了 SEC 2023 年的行动。与此同时,弗莱的“Cryptographic Tokens of Material Financial Benefit”项目将包括在以太坊上铸造的 10,320 个 NFT,他表示,该项目的经济结构“故意与Stoner Cats 完全相同”。

弗莱补充说,案件的本质是关于广义上的 NFT 艺术,以及“像大多数人那样使用 NFT 来出售它们。” 他的目的是让 SEC 监管者对他们的职责范围进行“长时间、深入的思考。”

截屏2024-08-29 20.54.39.png

证劵 vs. 艺术品

1946 年,美国最高法院对霍伊公司(Howey Company)的裁决确立了判定证券的标准。霍伊公司将柑橘园卖给买家,买家与公司分享利润。这一裁决确立了“霍伊测试”(Howey Test),该测试将证券定义为“将资金投资于一个共同企业,并期望从他人的努力中获得利润”。

换句话说,戈特利布表示,这使得投资合同成为一种证券。这种标准在应用于艺术品(无论是传统艺术还是与 NFT 相关的艺术)时可能会很棘手。弗莱说,“当你出售一份证书时,你实际上是在向艺术收藏家出售对你艺术的兴趣。” 这意味着买家在投资时期待“你会变得更有名。” 而这种名声反过来又会使艺术品更有价值。

戈特利布表示,如果从这个角度看,并参考霍伊测试,艺术品购买者的行为看起来很像是在投资一个共同的企业,并期望从艺术家的努力中获益。不同之处在于,戈特利布指出,“艺术家并不欠你什么。” 你可能希望你购买的一张 Brat 乐队的签名专辑会随着 Charli XCX 继续售罄演出场馆而升值,但这并不是在唱片销售时承诺的。同样,该诉讼认为,一个与区块链代码相关的数字猫卡通也是如此。

此外,人们购买艺术品 NFT 并不仅仅是为了转售获利。戈特利布说,他们购买曼恩的作品“有各种各样的原因”,比如仅仅是喜欢音乐本身。但根据 SEC 对 Impact Theory 和 Stoner Cat 的裁决,弗莱认为,“不仅整个 NFT 市场,甚至整个艺术市场本身都成了一种证券。”

对此,SEC 拒绝发表评论。虽然该机构的过去行动并不一定表明 SEC 认为所有的 NFT 都是证券,但它也没有对使用该技术进行销售的艺术家应该如何出售作品提供明确的立场。位于费城的杜安·莫里斯律所(Duane Morris)的合伙人、律师迈克尔·里纳尔迪(Michael Rinaldi)表示,曼恩的作品“可能与支付罚款的两个项目有足够不同之处”。如果 NFT 持有者是因为它“具有收藏价值或独特性……或为了享受而不是作为投资”而持有,这就不会构成证券。

曼恩和弗莱的诉讼旨在从 SEC 那里获得一些答案。诉讼中提到,“除了 [Impact Theory 和 Stoner Cats 的] 数字性质外,这些艺术作品系列与安迪·沃霍尔 1962 年的 32 罐金宝汤罐头系列作品之间几乎没有概念上的区别。” Stoner Cats NFT 为一部动画系列片提供了资金,但如果购买艺术品不是为了资助艺术家的未来作品,那么又是为了什么呢?

不过,NFT 的本质与其他艺术媒介不同,具有更强的货币关联性。伦敦的 Ben Gentilli 在创作与区块链相关的艺术时使用了“Robert Alice”这个名字。他表示:“画布并不是一个金融层。” 而 NFT 就像“如果艺术是用钞票创作的”。当 NFT 艺术销售在 2021 年爆发时,以数字艺术家 Beeple 的作品在佳士得以 6900 万美元售出为代表,这个市场凸显了这一媒介的投资潜力。“你可以看到这逐渐渗透进了人们推销 NFT 项目的语言中,”Gentilli 说。

戈特利布表示,这起诉讼的风险可能高到涉及第一修正案。由于 SEC 命令 Impact Theory 和 Stoner Cats 破坏其项目中尚未售出的 NFT,这一监管机构可能被视为要求艺术家焚毁他们的艺术作品。戈特利布说:“仅仅因为他们在这一新的数字媒介中工作,美国政府就告诉艺术家这么做,这是一件极其危险和压迫性的事情。”

接下来会发生什么 ?

虽然与WIRED对话的几位 NFT 艺术家提到了 SEC 过去的行动对 NFT 艺术市场产生的“寒蝉效应”,但其他人并不担心会引起 SEC 的注意。NFT 艺术家布莱恩·布林克曼(Bryan Brinkman)表示:“就我个人而言,SEC 迄今为止的行动并没有对我的数字艺术实践产生重大影响。”

此外,随着 2024 年大选的临近,监管机构可能会发生变化。前总统唐纳德·特朗普已承诺,如果当选,将解雇 SEC 主席加里·根斯勒(Gary Gensler),后者一向对加密货币行业采取强硬立场。在 Impact Theory 和 Stoner Cats 和解案中持反对意见的两位委员,赫斯特·皮尔斯(Hester Peirce)和马克·上田(Mark Uyeda),都是共和党人。副总统卡马拉·哈里斯尚未公开就这些问题发表意见。

至少,艺术家们希望这起诉讼能引起 SEC 的注意。布林克曼说:“我希望最终结果能带来更清晰和透明的发布数字收藏品和艺术品的规则。” 不过,数字艺术家 Gentilli 并不乐观。他称这起诉讼是一个有趣的“艺术性姿态”,但指出 SEC 甚至还没有对加密货币提供明确的规则,更不用说 NFT 了,NFT “在优先事项列表上排得更靠后。”

SEC 有 60 天时间从诉讼提起之日起作出回应。戈特利布表示,该机构可以选择提出驳回动议,或者在答复中“否认指控并计划抗辩。”

无论接下来会发生什么,问题都不会简单明了。戈特利布说:“软件的可能性与人类想象力一样无限。” 他补充说,基于区块链的代币可以是“投资合同的对象”,但它们也可以是商品、支付、音乐会票务或艺术品,或者同时具备所有这些特性——“就像薛定谔的软件。”

对曼恩来说,这整个经历就像多米诺效应的网络迷因,其中一个人准备击打一个小小的白色矩形,这个小矩形的连锁反应最终导致一个像墓碑一样大的多米诺骨牌。第一个多米诺骨牌是曼恩在 2017 年的会议上了解 NFT;最后一个则是他起诉 SEC。

曼恩说:“在 2021 年之前,我不知道什么是证券。” 在《This Song Is a Security》中,曼恩向 SEC 主席根斯勒恳求道:“嘿,加里/给我打个电话,宝贝/我们可以解决这个问题/也许一次性解决/因为这太混乱了/我不知道你在做什么。” 或许,如果事情朝着他的方向发展,曼恩至少能获得一些清晰的答案。


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