Grayscale:从矿工到质押者,以太坊安全性演进之路

Odaily星球日报Published on 2024-07-30Last updated on 2024-07-30

Abstract

许多代币持有者愿意成为验证者来赚取奖励。

原文作者:Zach Pandl、Michael Zhao

原文编译:Luffy,Foresight News

  • 公共区块链的一大特点是其运行不依赖于任何中心化机构。为了实现这一点,区块链采用了一套算法和经济激励措施,我们称之为共识机制。

  • 比特币网络由矿工通过工作量证明 (PoW) 共识机制保护,而以太坊则由质押者通过权益证明 (PoS) 共识机制保护。与矿工通过计算能力保护网络的 PoW 不同,PoS 要求质押者质押代币来展示「参与其中」的决心。

  • 质押者通过维护区块链来获得奖励。因此,质押资产并验证交易的代币持有者可以获得收入。然而,相对于代币价格波动,质押奖励通常显得微不足道。

公共区块链塑造了一种前所未有的数字商业新形式,它基于没有任何中心化机构的开放式架构平台。与由董事会监督并受法律管辖的公司不同,公共区块链是分布式的计算机网络,通过加密技术和经济激励措施进行保护。用于协调经济激励措施和保持网络正常运转的机制可以说是区块链技术的核心创新。

权益证明与工作量证明

区块链将相同的信息存储在网络中的每个节点上。为了就网络上存储的信息达成一致,节点必须在没有中心化权威机构帮助的情况下达成共识。 于是,每个公共区块链都包含一个「共识机制」:一种基于经济激励的规范性决策算法,使节点达成一致。

比特币的共识机制称为工作量证明 (PoW)。在 PoW 下,被称为矿工的专业服务提供商竞争解决计算问题,获胜的矿工获得更新区块链的权利和代币奖励。这些难题是通过蛮力(即反复猜测)解决的,因此需要大量资源,包括前期资本支出和持续的电力成本。因此,解决难题可以向其他网络参与者证明获胜的矿工拥有既得经济利益,可以信任他们来更新区块链。矿工可以通过他们的服务获得代币奖励。

以太坊最初使用与比特币相同的 PoW 算法,但在 2022 年过渡到新的共识机制,即权益证明 (PoS)。这种方法也依赖于经济激励;然而,网络参与者不是解决能源密集型的计算问题,而是通过「质押」ETH 代币来代表他们的既得经济利益。质押者负责验证交易和更新区块链。那些正确履行这些职责的人会得到额外的代币奖励,而那些违背区块链利益的人会受到惩罚,质押的代币被「削减」。因为质押者的经济利益与区块链的健康运转一致,所以可以信任他们来验证交易和更新网络。与挖矿不同,质押会消耗少量电力,一些人认为这是一种更环保的区块链共识机制。

尽管按市值计算,比特币仍然是最大的公共区块链,但 PoS 网络已越来越受欢迎。例如,我们的货币类别智能合约平台类别中超过一半的协议都使用 PoS 共识机制。按市值计算,基于 PoS 的区块链约占这些加密资产类别总市值的 30% ,占除比特币以外的总市值的 90% (图表 1)。

Grayscale:从矿工到质押者,以太坊安全性演进之路

图 1 :剔除比特币后,PoS 是主流共识机制

以太坊交易和质押者的角色

在以太坊等 PoS 区块链上,质押者负责验证所有交易是否符合网络规则。如果没有质押者,区块链就无法运行。

为了更好地理解质押者的角色,有必要了解以太坊交易的机制。如图 2 所示,以太坊交易大约分为八个步骤(图 2)。虽然交易最开始用户启动,并且某些步骤可能涉及其他专业服务提供商,但大多数步骤都需要验证者节点的积极参与。由于所有以太坊交易(或其他状态变化)都是通过验证者节点的协调操作进行的,因此实际上,质押者负责运行区块链。

Grayscale:从矿工到质押者,以太坊安全性演进之路

图表 2 :验证者节点负责处理交易

通过提供这些服务,质押者将获得代币奖励,这些代币来自用户支付的费用和新发行的代币。在以太坊上,费用分为基本费用和优先费用(小费)。网络会自动销毁基本费用部分,旨在通过减少代币供应量使所有用户受益。质押者除了新发行的 ETH 外,还能获得用户在交易中支付的优先费用(图 3)。

Grayscale:从矿工到质押者,以太坊安全性演进之路

图 3 :以太坊质押奖励来自优先费和新发行

质押奖励和收入

由于代币奖励,质押者可以从其资产中获得潜在收入。在传统市场中,最好的类比可能是农业用地。土地本身具有市场价值,其价格可能会随着时间的推移而上涨或下跌,但也可以通过种植农作物来获得收益。就像质押奖励是验证区块链服务的报酬一样,农作物可以被视为耕种农业用地服务的报酬。在这两种情况下,资产所有者都在提供有用的服务并产生服务性收入。

以太坊质押者目前的平均回报率为 3.1% (图表 4)。根据数据提供商 Allium 的计算,随着以太坊质押供应增加(当质押供应量下降时,该协议会提供更高的回报率来激励质押活动),以太坊的质押回报率随着时间的推移呈下降趋势。质押奖励的日常变化也反映了网络拥塞和优先费用的变化:当网络流量增加时,用户通常会支付更高的费用来获得优先交易权限。

Grayscale:从矿工到质押者,以太坊安全性演进之路

图 4 :以太坊质押者目前的年化回报率约为 3% 

对于质押代币并提供验证服务的以太坊持有者来说,质押奖励可以被视为一种收入来源。例如,自 2023 年初以来,ETH 现货价格上涨了 173% 。在此期间,我们估计质押奖励年化约为 4.5% 。因此,以太坊质押者的回报率(包括价格回报和质押收入)将达到 192% (图表 5)。但前提是质押者正确履行了其职责(即获得所有奖励且没有遭遇罚没)并且没有支付任何第三方费用。

Grayscale:从矿工到质押者,以太坊安全性演进之路

图 5 :质押奖励可视为资产性收入

尽管与其他资产相比,质押奖励可以增加代币持有者的回报,但质押回报率相对其波动性仍然较低。换句话说,投资者应该将代币价格本身,而不是质押奖励,视为风险和潜在回报的主要来源。例如,图表 6 显示了以太坊相对于其波动性的质押回报率,与各种货币市场的「套利交易」和某些股票指数的股息收益率相比。以太坊相对于其价格波动的质押回报率相对较低,与美国股票指数的股息收益率相当。这些类型的投资通常主要是为了从价格升值之外获得潜在的资本收益,而不是收入回报。

Grayscale:从矿工到质押者,以太坊安全性演进之路

图 6 :与其它波动性资产相比,以太坊的质押收益率较低

不同 PoS 区块链的质押回报率差异很大。例如,几个较小的网络(按市值计算)提供 10% -20% 的名义质押回报率(图 7)。但是,请记住,质押奖励通常通过交易费和新代币发行的组合方式来提供资金。在许多情况下,高质押回报率只有在代币供应通胀率高的情况下才有可能,这可能会对价格回报产生影响。因此,投资者还应该考虑实际(经通胀调整后的)质押回报率(就像分析师通常在债券市场或货币市场中考虑实际利率一样)。以太坊的供应增长接近于零,因此其名义和实际质押回报率大致相同,约为 3% 。相比之下,虽然 Filecoin (FIL) 提供 23% 的名义质押回报率,但预计流通供应量将在未来一年内增加 20% ,这意味着实际质押回报率仅为 3% (图 7)。

Grayscale:从矿工到质押者,以太坊安全性演进之路

图 7 :高名义回报率通常与高通胀相伴

总结

共识机制之于区块链就像法律和产权之于传统企业,是不可或缺的。随着加密行业的发展,Grayscale Research 预计 PoS 共识和质押将成为生态系统中越来越重要的一部分。虽然与加密资产价格波动相比,质押回报率通常较低,但随着时间的推移,它们可以成为额外的收入来源,因此许多代币持有者愿意成为验证者来赚取这些奖励。

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