高盛顶级股票分析师:AI 不会掀起经济革命,泡沫总归会破灭

深潮Published on 2024-07-19Last updated on 2024-07-19

AI 带来的经济效益甚至比不上智能手机和互联网。

撰文:李丹

来源:华尔街见闻

高盛全球股票研究主管 Jim Covello 新近报告给今年美股上涨的主要推手人工智能(AI)概念泼了冷水。

在华尔街从业三十多年的经历让 Covello 深知,面对不断膨胀的科技股泡沫,逆向做空会有多痛苦。市场总有办法月复一月不断造富,即使最新的技术突破进展显然不及预期。Covello 认为,AI 领域可能也会发生这种情形,因此,开始做空英伟达之流很危险,甚至于是在犯蠢。

Covello 认为,可能不是今年,甚至也不是明年,但总有一天,泡沫的破灭会到来。在他看来,各企业在 AI 领域豪掷数千亿美元不会掀起下一场经济革命,甚至比不上智能手机和互联网的效益。当这一点变得明朗时,所有因 AI 前景而大涨的股票也都将下跌。

Covello 在报告中指出:

「历史上多数技术转型,尤其是那些有变革意义的技术转型,都是用非常便宜的解决方案取代非常昂贵的解决方案。而可能用成本极高的技术取代工作岗位基本上完全是反其道行之。」
「AI 将解决什么价值万亿美元的问题?用成本高昂的技术取代低薪工作,这与我三十年来密切关注科技行业所见证的此前技术转型完全相反。」

Covello 认为,为了证明自身的高昂成本合理,AI「必须能够解决复杂的问题,而这并不是它的设计初衷」。AI 技术非常昂贵,即使用机器学习取代人类也无法降低成本。

Covello 的报告写道:「我们发现,AI 更新我们公司模型中的历史数据比(人类)手动更新更快,成本却是手动的六倍。」他还说,成本必须大幅下降,才能让大众负担得起 AI 自动化执行任务。

AI 的拥趸认为,AI 技术尚处于起步阶段,就像上世纪 90 年代互联网泡沫时期的互联网一样,AI 的成本最终会下降。但即便如此,Covello 指出,互联网仍具有成本优势。「亚马逊可以以比巴诺书店更低的成本销售书籍,因为它不必维持高成本的实体店。」

Covello 称,「技术通常一开始很贵,然后才变得更便宜,这种想法是对历史的修正。」

Covello 担心的不仅仅是高成本。他只是预计 AI 不会成为人们期待的突破性技术发明。到目前为止,AI 还没有「杀手级应用」,就连比他更乐观的高盛同事也在报告中承认了这一点。

媒体称,2022 年底以来,AI 概念的热潮推动标普 500 指数市值激增近 16 万亿美元,现在 Covello 为首的一小撮市场观察人士对 AI 概念的关键原则提出质疑。这个原则是,大语言模型(LLM)的强大力量将开启资本主义的下一个伟大阶段,随着越来越多的工作被交给智能机器,企业利润将蓬勃发展,从而提高效率并加速增长。

Covello 等为数不多但持续增加的怀疑论者则认为,问题在于,人们对 AI 技术的商业期望可能被极度夸大,如果科技巨头重新考虑在 AI 领域的巨额投资,股市可能会出现回调。

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