从理论到倒计时:Google用零知识证明敲响区块链抗量子警钟

marsbitPubblicato 2026-04-16Pubblicato ultima volta 2026-04-16

Introduzione

Google近期研究通过优化肖尔算法在量子电路上的执行,将破解256位椭圆曲线加密所需的逻辑量子比特从约6000个大幅缩减至1200个,使得量子算力成本降低近20倍。该进展为区块链及传统加密系统敲响警钟,Google预测到2029年,现有加密体系(包括HTTPS、SSL、区块链ECDSA签名等)需完成抗量子升级,否则面临严重安全威胁。 具体到区块链领域:比特币约25%-35%地址的公钥已暴露,量子计算机可在交易确认前截胡;以太坊因EOA账户公钥首次交易即上链,面临更直接风险。且链上历史交易数据永久存储,未来量子算力成熟后可回溯攻击。 应对方面,以太坊通过账户抽象和后量子密码学(PQC)推进升级;比特币计划通过BIP-360引入抗量子算法,但共识达成是挑战。Google此次以零知识证明技术披露威胁,旨在推动行业平稳过渡,而以太坊基金会与Google的合作可能使抗量子成为区块链新叙事方向。

这几天闲来无事,粗略研究了下量子计算机对区块链生态的影响,涉及大量密码学的背景知识,不说太多细节,分享几个观点:

1)过去学界普遍认知要破解 256 位的椭圆曲线加密算法大概需要数百万个物理量子比特,逻辑量子比特 6000 个左右,但 Google 这次发表的新论文,并没有推出什么逆天的新硬件,而只是重新编译了 Shor’s algorithm(肖尔算法)在量子电路上的执行方式,就把所需的逻辑量子比特压缩到了 1200 个。

什么概念?意味着算力成本直接缩减了近 20 倍。这是本次量子威胁论被热议的根本,以前我们一直认为绝对不可能的事,到了今天,开始有了一个「倒计时」;

2)Google 给这个倒计时的时间节点是 2029 年,意味着这个时间点前包括互联网的 HTTPS、SSL 银行证书、SSH 远程登录等加密方式以及 BTC 和以太坊等公链的底层 ECDSA 签名体系都必须完成一次「抗量子」换血,否则到时候可能会存在灭顶之灾。

关于这一点,2029 年也就是 3 年的时间,我觉得过于夸张了,毕竟纯理论落地到现实可执行落地还有很大的距离,但至少说明了一点,抗量子攻击的加密算法升级时间窗口开始打开了,没有迫在眉睫,但也绝不能掉以轻心;

3)如果说到此,很多人对量子威胁还是没概念,那可以再细化说几个攻击面:

1、目前 BTC 链上大概有 25%-35% 的地址,公钥已经处于暴露状态,包括中本聪时代采用 P2PK 格式的早期地址,以及所有复用过、发生过转账的地址,这些地址都在攻击范畴内;而其他没有发生转账的地址,只要在量子计算机成熟后启动转账,其在 Mempool 处理交易的 10 分钟内,足以被量子破解抢先截胡攻击,等于整个网络都已瘫痪;

2、以太坊面临的危机更直接,ETH 的 EOA 账户在第一次发送交易时,公钥就会通过签名被暴露上链,,加上 EIP-4844 之后的数据可用性采样机制,以及本身依赖 POS 签名验证的共识网络。以太坊公链面临的都不是私钥能不能破解的问题,而是一旦签名算法得不到升级,整个网络都形同虚设了;

3、关键是,由于区块链交易历史都是可追溯且永久存储在链上,别看现在量子计算机攻击条件还不成熟,但过去和今天链上已经暴露公钥的交易,都会被记录起来,成为潜在攻击的对象,就等量子机器慢慢就位。

4)当然,既然量子攻击还存在技术突破 + 时间的窗口,同样理论上,只要在接下来的数年内完成「抗量子攻击」大换血,也可以实现一次自救。

以太坊早就在抗量子威胁上面做「工程化」优化布局了,包括推进账户抽象允许 EOA 地址在应用层面直接切换签名方案,验证者签名也在向抗量子攻击的 PQC 加密算法(Post-Quantum Cryptography,后量子密码学,专门为抵抗量子攻击设计的新一代加密标准)等都可以从底层结构上强化抗量子特性。本身以太坊最牛逼的就是「飞行状态下加油」的动态升级特性,既然方向明确了,抗量子特性也只是时间问题了。

比特币选择了引入 BIP-360,这会引入 FALCON 或 CRYSTALS-Dilithium 这类后量子签名算法,技术上并不复杂,但是难在共识确立,要知道,比特币社区曾为了一个区块大小的分叉吵了几年,指望他们在抗量子硬分叉上迅速妥协,实在难以乐观。但一旦威胁进一步有了「确定性」,这个自救式的补丁再佛系的开发社区也会硬着头皮上。

以上。

最后说一件有意思的是,Google 用零知识证明 ZK 披露了这个潜在的量子威胁,一开始就有意识的让其「软着陆」,毕竟一旦失控发生别说区块链了,互联网文明都是毁灭性的。另外 Google Quantum AI 团队里,有以太坊基金会的研究员参与,没准抗量子攻击会成为区块链接下来的一个主流叙事也未可知,毕竟天然基因就是密码学技术,这样全新的使命,很 Crypto!

Domande pertinenti

QGoogle的新论文如何改变了破解椭圆曲线加密算法的量子比特需求?

AGoogle通过重新编译肖尔算法在量子电路上的执行方式,将破解256位椭圆曲线加密算法所需的逻辑量子比特从约6000个压缩到1200个,算力成本缩减了近20倍。

QGoogle预测的量子威胁时间节点是哪一年?为什么作者认为这个时间可能过于夸张?

AGoogle预测的时间节点是2029年。作者认为过于夸张是因为纯理论落地到现实可执行还有很大距离,但强调抗量子加密算法升级的时间窗口已打开,需保持警惕。

Q比特币和以太坊在量子攻击下面临的主要风险分别是什么?

A比特币风险在于25%-35%地址的公钥已暴露,量子计算机可能破解私钥或截胡交易;以太坊风险更直接,其EOA账户公钥在首次交易即暴露,且共识网络依赖的签名算法若不升级,整个网络可能失效。

Q以太坊和比特币分别计划如何应对量子威胁?

A以太坊通过账户抽象允许EOA地址切换签名方案,并推进抗量子的PQC加密算法;比特币计划通过BIP-360引入FALCON或CRYSTALS-Dilithium等后量子签名算法,但难点在于社区协调达成共识。

QGoogle在披露量子威胁时采用了什么技术实现“软着陆”?这背后可能有什么合作背景?

AGoogle使用零知识证明(ZK)技术披露量子威胁,以实现可控的“软着陆”。背后有以太坊基金会研究员参与Google Quantum AI团队,暗示抗量子攻击可能成为区块链新叙事方向。

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