链上金融之战:新秩序将由谁来设计?

Odaily星球日报Pubblicato 2025-07-09Pubblicato ultima volta 2025-07-09

Introduzione

从摩根大通等传统金融机构到Circle等加密原生企业,不同背景的参与者正积极布局链上金融生态。

原文作者:Tiger Research

原文编译:AididiaoJP,Foresight News

内容提要

  • 摩根大通开始在公链上发行存款代币,在现有金融秩序中叠加区块链技术

  • Circle 申请信托银行牌照,试图在技术基础上构建全新金融秩序

  • 两类机构正从不同方向向传统金融围攻,形成「双向趋同」态势

  • 价值定位的模糊可能削弱各自竞争优势,需明确核心优势并找到平衡点

链上金融基础设施的竞争新格局

区块链技术正在重塑全球金融基础设施的基本架构。根据国际清算银行 (BIS) 最新报告,截至 2025 年第二季度,全球链上金融资产规模已突破 4.8 万亿美元,年增长率保持在 65% 以上。在这一变革浪潮中,传统金融机构与加密原生企业展现出截然不同的发展路径:

传统金融机构代表摩根大通

采取「区块链 +」的渐进式改革策略,将分布式账本技术嵌入现有金融体系。其区块链部门 Onyx 已服务超过 280 家机构客户,年处理交易量达 6000 亿美元。最新推出的 JPM Coin 日均结算量突破 120 亿美元。

加密原生企业代表 Circle

通过 USDC 稳定币构建了完全基于区块链的金融网络。目前 USDC 流通量达 540 亿美元,支持 16 条主流公链,日均交易笔数超过 300 万次。

与 2010 年代的金融科技革命相比,当前竞争呈现出三个显著差异:

竞争焦点从用户体验转向基础设施重构

技术深度从应用层下沉至协议层

参与者从互补关系转向直接竞争

摩根大通:传统金融制度框架内的技术创新

链上金融之战:新秩序将由谁来设计?

摩根大通已为其存款代币「JPMD」申请商标

2025 年 6 月,摩根大通区块链部门 Kinexys 开始在公有链 Base 上试运行存款代币 JPMD。此前摩根大通主要通过私有链应用区块链技术,而此次直接在开放网络发行资产并支持流通,标志着传统金融机构开始直接在公有链上运营金融服务。

链上金融之战:新秩序将由谁来设计?

JPMD 兼具数字资产特性和传统存款功能。当客户存入美元时,银行在资产负债表记录存款,同时在公有链发行等额 JPMD。该代币可自由流通,同时保留对银行存款的法定求偿权,持有者可 1: 1 兑换美元,并可能享有存款保险和利息收益。现有稳定币利润集中于发行方,而 JPMD 通过赋予用户实质性的金融权利形成差异化优势。

这些特性为资产管理机构和投资者提供了非常具有吸引力的实用价值,甚至可以忽视一些法律风险。例如 BlackRock 的 BUIDL 基金等链上资产若采用 JPMD 作为赎回支付工具,可实现 24 小时全天候赎回。相比现有稳定币需要单独兑换法币,JPMD 支持即时现金转换,同时提供存款保障和利息收益机会,在链上资管生态中具有显著很大的潜力。

摩根大通推出存款代币是为应对稳定币形成的新资金流和收入结构。Tether 年收入约 130 亿美元,Circle 通过管理国债等安全资产也创造可观收益,这些模式虽不同于传统存贷利差,但其基于客户资金产生收益的机制与部分银行职能相似。

JPMD 也存在局限:设计严格遵循现有金融监管框架,难以实现区块链的完全去中心化和开放性,目前仅面向机构客户。但 JPMD 代表了传统金融机构在保持现有稳定性和合规要求前提下,切入公有链金融服务的务实策略,被视为传统金融与链上生态扩展连接的代表案例。

Circle:区块链原生的金融重构

Circle 通过稳定币 USDC 确立了链上金融关键地位。USDC 与美元 1: 1 锚定,储备金为现金和短期美债,凭借低费率、即时结算等技术优势,成为企业支付结算和跨境汇款的实用替代方案。USDC 支持 24 小时实时划转,无需 SWIFT 网络的复杂流程,帮助企业突破传统金融基础设施限制。

链上金融之战:新秩序将由谁来设计?

但 Circle 现有业务结构面临多重约束:BNY Mellon 托管 USDC 储备金,BlackRock 管理资产运作,这种架构将核心功能委托外部机构。Circle 虽获得利息收入,但对资产的实际控制权有限,当前盈利模式也高度依赖高利率环境。Circle 需要更独立的基础设施和运营权限,这是实现长期可持续性和收入多元化的必要条件。

链上金融之战:新秩序将由谁来设计?

来源:Circle

2025 年 6 月,Circle 向美国货币监理署 (OCC) 申请国家级信托银行牌照,这一战略决策超越单纯合规的需求。业界解读为 Circle 从稳定币发行方向机构化金融主体的转型。信托银行身份将使 Circle 直接管理储备金托管与运作,既强化对金融基础设施的内控能力,也为拓展业务范围创造条件,Circle 将为机构数字资产托管服务奠定基础。

作为加密原生企业,Circle 调整战略,在制度框架内建立可持续运营体系。这一转型需要接受现有金融系统的规则和角色,以灵活性下降和监管负担加重为代价。未来获得的具体权限将取决于政策变化和监管解释,但这一尝试已成为重要里程碑,用以衡量链上金融结构在既有制度框架内的确立程度。

谁将主导链上金融?

从摩根大通等传统金融机构到 Circle 等加密原生企业,不同背景的参与者正积极布局链上金融生态。这让人联想到过去金融科技行业的竞争格局:科技企业通过内部实现支付、汇款等核心金融功能切入金融业,金融机构则通过数字化转型扩展用户和提升运营效率。

关键在于,这种竞争打破了双方边界。类似现象正在当前链上金融领域显现:Circle 通过申请信托银行牌照直接履行储备金管理等核心功能,摩根大通则在公有链发行存款代币并拓展链上资管业务。双方从不同起点出发,逐渐吸纳对方的策略与领域,各自寻求新的平衡点。

这一趋势带来新机遇也蕴含风险。传统金融机构若强行模仿科技企业的灵活性,可能与现有风控体系冲突。德意志银行推行「数字优先」战略时,就因与遗留系统碰撞导致数十亿美元损失。反之,加密原生企业若过度扩张制度接纳,可能丧失支撑竞争力的灵活性。

链上金融竞争的成败,最终取决于对自身根基与优势的清醒认知。企业必须基于其「不公平优势」,在技术与制度之间实现有机融合,这种平衡能力将决定谁是最终赢家。

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