为什么Solana这次宕机了这么久？

Odaily星球日报Pubblicato 2023-02-28Pubblicato ultima volta 2023-02-28

Introduzione

官方将尽快公布调查结果。

上周末，Solana 又宕机了……Solana 基金会表示，团队正积极调查宕机原因，很快就会公布。Odaily星球日报也会持续跟踪报道。

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以下是推特用户@DBCrypt 0 对 Solana 在上周末宕机近 20 个小时原因的个人解读，我们将其编译整理如下。

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宕机起因

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Solana 的正常运行时间状态显示， 2 月 25 日，该网络遭遇了持续 18 小时 50 分钟的中断，这是 Solana 2023 年的首次网络中断。Solana 链的验证者两次试图重启网络，以恢复服务。

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CoinDesk 的一份报告显示，Solana 上几乎所有的链上活动都在 25 号午夜后不久停摆。Solana 的 Discord 服务器上的用户报告说，区块链意外地开始“分叉”，创建了多个相互冲突的链历史版本。

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Solana 有着丰富的网络中断“黑历史”， 2022 年就经历了 11 次大型网络中断和 3 次小型网络中断，宕机时间从 1 小时 15 分钟到 17 小时 7 分钟。而最近这次宕机是一年多来持续时间最长的。

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@DBCrypt 0 表示，宕机是由于“一个巨大的设计缺陷”导致系统陷入困境，大量验证者消息和链上投票正在阻塞网络。他还解释说，链上共识使 Solana 陷入困境，当网络出现故障时，验证者通信将转移到 Discord，这可能会导致长时间的停机。

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Solana 的设计缺陷

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Solana 采用链上共识模型，这意味着网络交易由验证者和交易本身之间的共识通信组成——例如代币传输和铸造。（@DBCrypt 0 表示，这夸大了交易量。）

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下面的图表显示了网络交易的快照。粉红色部分表示实际交易，而浅蓝色部分表示验证者验证通信。@DBCrypt 0 评论说，验证者通信消息占交易的 90% -95% ，这很“疯狂”。

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“所以当 Solana 提到他们达到了 4000 TPS 时，只有不到 10% 是网络上的实际交易。”

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来源：来自 @DBCrypt0 推特

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由于大部分交易量是由验证者通信消息组成的，这“使系统陷入困境”。@DBCrypt 0 说，当网络中断时，验证者之间无法相互沟通。

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在这种情况下，验证者会求助于 Discord，决定下面该怎么做。问题是，在任何提议的操作发生之前，必须得到三分之二的验证者的同意，而且有些验证者可能离线，还不知道出现宕机情况。

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Solana 网络与 Hedera 网络的相似性

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@DBCrypt 0 表示，Solana 通过操作链上共识模型“为全节点创建了大量的数据”。他补充说，由于历史记录中充斥着不必要的验证者消息，因此需要“数据中心”来运行完整的 Solana 节点。

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@DBCrypt 0 最后指出，Hedera 网络也运行链上共识模型，并且与 Solana 一样存在固有的膨胀缺陷。

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“很抱歉扫了所有的 Hedera 支持者的兴，但是这其中大多数交易都是不必要的，就像 Solana 一样。HBAR 代币的交易平均效率只有 3-5 TPS。”

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2 月 25 日，SOL 遭受了 9% 的下跌，但在第二天的收盘价高于前一天的开盘价后反弹，这表明市场接受了 Solana 宕机的预期行为。

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Solana 最新回应

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Solana Labs 创始人兼首席执行官 Anatoly Yakovenko 回应称，@DBCryptoX 言论“纯属无知”。Yakovenko 指出，作为“单一庞大法定人数”的一部分，投票有助于同时提供“出色的安全性、高吞吐量和低费”。

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然而，Yakovenko 并没有完全反驳 @DBCryptoX 这方面的说法，即“Solana 上 90-95% 的交易都包含这些验证者消息和链上投票，容易使系统陷入困境”。 此外，@DBCryptoX 还声称 Solana 网络中断持续 20 个小时，因为验证者需要相当长的时间才能使用链下方式（例如 Discord 等消息系统）沟通并达成共识（或达成解决方案）。

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Solana 生态钱包 Phantom 软件工程师 Alex Kroeger 则表示，网络中断的原因可能并不单一，PoS 系统的验证者需要大量的网络通信来实现验证。

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