为什么Solana这次宕机了这么久?

Odaily星球日报Pubblicato 2023-02-28Pubblicato ultima volta 2023-02-28

Introduzione

官方将尽快公布调查结果。

上周末,Solana 又宕机了……Solana 基金会表示,团队正积极调查宕机原因,很快就会公布。Odaily星球日报也会持续跟踪报道。

以下是推特用户@DBCrypt 0 对 Solana 在上周末宕机近 20 个小时原因的个人解读,我们将其编译整理如下。

宕机起因

Solana 的正常运行时间状态显示, 2 月 25 日,该网络遭遇了持续 18 小时 50 分钟的中断,这是 Solana 2023 年的首次网络中断。Solana 链的验证者两次试图重启网络,以恢复服务。

CoinDesk 的一份报告显示,Solana 上几乎所有的链上活动都在 25 号午夜后不久停摆。Solana 的 Discord 服务器上的用户报告说,区块链意外地开始“分叉”,创建了多个相互冲突的链历史版本。

Solana 有着丰富的网络中断“黑历史”, 2022 年就经历了 11 次大型网络中断和 3 次小型网络中断,宕机时间从 1 小时 15 分钟到 17 小时 7 分钟。而最近这次宕机是一年多来持续时间最长的。

@DBCrypt 0 表示,宕机是由于“一个巨大的设计缺陷”导致系统陷入困境,大量验证者消息和链上投票正在阻塞网络。他还解释说,链上共识使 Solana 陷入困境,当网络出现故障时,验证者通信将转移到 Discord,这可能会导致长时间的停机。

Solana 的设计缺陷

Solana 采用链上共识模型,这意味着网络交易由验证者和交易本身之间的共识通信组成——例如代币传输和铸造。(@DBCrypt 0 表示,这夸大了交易量。)

下面的图表显示了网络交易的快照。粉红色部分表示实际交易,而浅蓝色部分表示验证者验证通信。@DBCrypt 0 评论说,验证者通信消息占交易的 90% -95% ,这很“疯狂”。

“所以当 Solana 提到他们达到了 4000 TPS 时,只有不到 10% 是网络上的实际交易。”

来源:来自 @DBCrypt0 推特

由于大部分交易量是由验证者通信消息组成的,这“使系统陷入困境”。@DBCrypt 0 说,当网络中断时,验证者之间无法相互沟通。

在这种情况下,验证者会求助于 Discord,决定下面该怎么做。问题是,在任何提议的操作发生之前,必须得到三分之二的验证者的同意,而且有些验证者可能离线,还不知道出现宕机情况。

Solana 网络与 Hedera 网络的相似性

@DBCrypt 0 表示,Solana 通过操作链上共识模型“为全节点创建了大量的数据”。他补充说,由于历史记录中充斥着不必要的验证者消息,因此需要“数据中心”来运行完整的 Solana 节点。

@DBCrypt 0 最后指出,Hedera 网络也运行链上共识模型,并且与 Solana 一样存在固有的膨胀缺陷。

“很抱歉扫了所有的 Hedera 支持者的兴,但是这其中大多数交易都是不必要的,就像 Solana 一样。HBAR 代币的交易平均效率只有 3-5 TPS。”

2 月 25 日,SOL 遭受了 9% 的下跌,但在第二天的收盘价高于前一天的开盘价后反弹,这表明市场接受了 Solana 宕机的预期行为。

Solana 最新回应

Solana Labs 创始人兼首席执行官 Anatoly Yakovenko 回应称,@DBCryptoX 言论“纯属无知”。Yakovenko 指出,作为“单一庞大法定人数”的一部分,投票有助于同时提供“出色的安全性、高吞吐量和低费”。

然而,Yakovenko 并没有完全反驳 @DBCryptoX 这方面的说法,即“Solana 上 90-95% 的交易都包含这些验证者消息和链上投票,容易使系统陷入困境”。 此外,@DBCryptoX 还声称 Solana 网络中断持续 20 个小时,因为验证者需要相当长的时间才能使用链下方式(例如 Discord 等消息系统)沟通并达成共识(或达成解决方案)。

Solana 生态钱包 Phantom 软件工程师 Alex Kroeger 则表示,网络中断的原因可能并不单一,PoS 系统的验证者需要大量的网络通信来实现验证。

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