# P2MR Related Articles

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MIT Researcher Proposes New Path To Make Bitcoin Quantum-Safe

MIT Digital Currency Initiative director Neha Narula proposes a practical, staged approach to make Bitcoin quantum-safe. She argues that Bitcoin should immediately implement low-risk defenses through a soft fork, rather than waiting for full consensus on more complex issues. Her recommended solution involves deploying a post-quantum output type like P2MR (BIP 360) along with a new quantum-resistant signature opcode. This would allow users to securely migrate their funds to quantum-resistant addresses, provided they avoid address exposure. While this doesn’t resolve all challenges—such as how to handle inactive or lost coins—Narula emphasizes that immediate action reduces risk and provides time to gather data before a cryptographically relevant quantum computer emerges. She dismisses alternative proposals as impractical for broad use and acknowledges tradeoffs, such as reduced privacy efficiency, but insists progress shouldn’t be delayed by unresolved governance debates.

bitcoinist04/21 16:51

MIT Researcher Proposes New Path To Make Bitcoin Quantum-Safe

bitcoinist04/21 16:51

BIP-360 Explained: Bitcoin Takes Its First Step Towards Quantum Resistance, But Why Is It Only the 'First Step'?

BIP-360 introduces a quantum-resistant upgrade to Bitcoin by proposing Pay-to-Merkle-Root (P2MR) scripts, which remove the key-path spending option in Taproot to minimize elliptic curve key exposure—a primary vulnerability in a future quantum computing scenario. This marks Bitcoin’s first formal step toward quantum defense, though it is a cautious and incremental update rather than a full cryptographic overhaul. P2MR retains support for complex scripts like multisig and timelocks via Taproot’s Merkle tree structure, ensuring smart contract flexibility. However, it does not upgrade existing UTXOs or replace ECDSA/Schnorr signatures with post-quantum alternatives. Wallets and services may gradually adopt P2MR addresses, but broader ecosystem coordination and user migration will be required over time. The proposal reflects Bitcoin’s proactive approach to long-term security amid advancing quantum computing research.

marsbit03/14 15:02

BIP-360 Explained: Bitcoin Takes Its First Step Towards Quantum Resistance, But Why Is It Only the 'First Step'?

marsbit03/14 15:02

Bitcoin Developers Kick Off Quantum-Safety Track With BIP-360

Bitcoin developers have advanced quantum-resistance efforts by merging an updated draft of BIP-360 into the official repository. The proposal introduces Pay-to-Merkle-Root (P2MR), a new SegWit v2 output type that removes Taproot’s key-path spend—deemed most vulnerable to quantum attacks—while retaining script-tree functionality. P2MR addresses long-exposure quantum risks, where public keys remain on-chain for extended periods, but does not protect against short-exposure attacks targeting unconfirmed transactions. As a soft fork, it creates a new address type (bc1z) without affecting existing Taproot outputs. Trade-offs include larger witness sizes and reduced privacy, as all spends reveal script usage. The proposal marks a concrete step in formalizing quantum-preparedness, though future work on post-quantum signatures may be needed.

bitcoinist02/13 17:01

Bitcoin Developers Kick Off Quantum-Safety Track With BIP-360

bitcoinist02/13 17:01

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