Musk "fait sauter les vieux"

marsbitPublished on 2026-05-28Last updated on 2026-05-28

Abstract

L'IPO historique de SpaceX, évaluée entre 1,75 et 2 trillions de dollars, pourrait faire d'Elon Musk le premier trillionnaire mondial et générer des rendements monumentaux pour ses premiers investisseurs. Cependant, l'entreprise affiche des pertes importantes et une gouvernance controversée, avec Musk détenant 85% des droits de vote. Pour assurer un succès en Bourse, les indices boursiers américains ont assoupli leurs règles, permettant une inclusion rapide dans les fonds indiciels. Cela contraindrait les fonds de pension et les comptes de retraite, qui suivent passivement ces indices, à acheter des actions SpaceX, potentiellement au prix fort. Des gestionnaires d'actifs majeurs et des syndicats ont exprimé de vives inquiétudes, dénonçant une exposition forcée des économies des retraités à une entreprise au modèle risqué et à la structure de contrôle opaque.

Auteur : Nancy, PANews

Alors que le secteur du stockage explose et que Micron et SK Hynix franchissent la barre des mille milliards de dollars de capitalisation boursière, Elon Musk accélère personnellement la création du mythe de sa fortune personnelle de mille milliards de dollars.

SpaceX, avec une valorisation astronomique, se dirige à toute vitesse vers les marchés publics. Cette super-IPO, susceptible de réécrire l'histoire de la richesse, propulse Musk vers le statut de premier trillionnaire mondial et permet à ses premiers alliés de récolter des rendements stupéfiants, cent fois voire mille fois leur mise initiale.

Cependant, pour que ce récit spatial, le plus coûteux de l'histoire de l'humanité, puisse continuer, il faudra de nouveaux acheteurs. Alors que d'énormes fonds de pension seront "obligés d'acheter", l'épargne-retraite des Américains devient le carburant du rêve spatial de Musk.

Musk est en train de faire "craquer le coffre" des retraités américains.

Le compte à rebours de la plus grande IPO de l'histoire, les premiers alliés se remplissent les poches

Wall Street attend l'introduction en bourse de SpaceX depuis de nombreuses années.

Au cours de la dernière décennie, l'entreprise est passée d'une start-up valorisée à seulement 27 millions de dollars à un super-licorne dont la valorisation approche aujourd'hui 1 750 à 2 000 milliards de dollars, devenant l'une des entreprises privées les plus valorisées au monde.

Aujourd'hui, cette super-IPO pourrait enfin faire son entrée officielle sur le marché dès le 12 juin. Il ne s'agit pas seulement de l'événement d'introduction en bourse le plus important de l'histoire humaine, mais aussi du moment où le festin de la richesse entre dans sa phase de réalisation. Les fidèles de longue date de Musk ont enfin obtenu leur récompense substantielle.

Par exemple, Google, grâce à ses investissements précoces, pourrait devenir le plus grand gagnant externe. Fin 2025, il détenait environ 6,11 % des actions de SpaceX. L'investissement initial de seulement 9 milliards de dollars vaut désormais près de 1 200 milliards de dollars ; Valor Equity Partners, actionnaire important juste après Musk, détient plus de 500 millions d'actions de classe A de SpaceX, pour une valeur estimée entre 90 et 140 milliards de dollars ; Le Founders Fund de Peter Thiel, après plusieurs tours de financement supplémentaires, détient environ 3,5 % des actions, avec des gains comptables dépassant les 60 milliards de dollars ; Fidelity, l'un des principaux investisseurs du tour de table de 2015, détient des actions d'une valeur d'environ 35 milliards de dollars ; Même Sequoia Capital, entré relativement tard sur le coup, a réalisé un retour sur investissement considérable, estimé à plus de 20 milliards de dollars.

Quant à Musk lui-même, il pourrait devenir le premier trillionnaire mondial.

Michael Hartnett, stratège à Bank of America, a mis en garde dans un récent rapport qu'une fois que les super-IPO comme SpaceX et OpenAI seront lancées, la pondération des actions technologiques dans les indices de référence boursiers dépassera facilement environ 48 %, surpassant les niveaux de concentration du marché observés lors de toutes les grandes bulles historiques comme les "Années folles" des années 1920, les "Nifty Fifty" des années 1970, la bulle japonaise des années 1980 ou la bulle Internet des années 1990.

Cependant, une valorisation aussi colossale, qui va finalement l'acheter ?

Pour réduire la pression de vente après l'introduction en bourse et maintenir la stabilité du cours de l'action, SpaceX a également apporté certains ajustements. Par exemple, les actions des initiés seront soumises à un mécanisme de déblocage échelonné, plutôt qu'à la période de blocage uniforme de 6 mois typique des IPO traditionnelles ; Parallèlement, la société a également approuvé un fractionnement d'actions ordinaires de 5 pour 1 afin de réduire le seuil psychologique pour les petits investisseurs et d'améliorer la liquidité. Musk a même déclaré publiquement qu'il ne vendrait aucune action SpaceX.

Mais les inquiétudes du marché ne disparaissent pas pour autant. Mises à part les incertitudes du grand récit martien, rien qu'en regardant les données financières, SpaceX reste une entreprise qui brûle des liquidités à un rythme effréné. Le prospectus montre qu'au seul premier trimestre 2026, la perte nette de SpaceX s'élevait à près de 4,3 milliards de dollars, soit presque le niveau de pertes de toute l'année précédente. Parallèlement, Musk contrôle 85 % des droits de vote absolus, ce qui signifie que le conseil d'administration ne peut presque pas le licencier et que les actionnaires externes ne peuvent presque pas influencer de décisions commerciales majeures.

Dans une certaine mesure, SpaceX est une entreprise fortement personnalisée par Musk, dont la valorisation, la gouvernance et même les perspectives futures sont profondément liées à sa personne.

Une fois que tous les premiers investisseurs se sont rempli les poches, qui voudrait encore acheter à un prix élevé ce billet pour un vaisseau spatial déjà incroyablement cher ?

Wall Street trace une voie rapide via les indices, les pensions américaines deviennent les "porteurs de valises"

L'épargne-retraite des Américains pourrait devenir le carburant potentiel du rêve spatial de Musk.

Wall Street a déjà commencé à ouvrir une voie rapide pour les super-IPO. Le 1er mai de cette année, de nouvelles règles du Nasdaq sont entrées en vigueur : désormais, une nouvelle société cotée dont la capitalisation se classe parmi les 40 premières de l'indice Nasdaq 100 peut être incluse dans l'indice en seulement 15 jours de bourse, contre une attente typique d'environ 3 mois auparavant.

S&P a également lancé une consultation en mai, proposant de réduire le délai minimal de cotation requis pour l'inclusion de 12 mois à 6 mois, et envisageant d'exempter les très grandes entreprises de l'exigence de rentabilité. FTSE Russell a également assoupli ses règles, permettant aux grandes IPO d'être évaluées rapidement pour une inclusion dans les indices Russell U.S. Equity Indexes (incluant Russell 1000, Top 200, etc.) dès le 5e jour de bourse, sans attendre la révision trimestrielle.

L'assouplissement silencieux des règles par les principaux indices américains trace sans aucun doute une piste d'atterrissage exclusive pour SpaceX.

Selon Business Insider, après son introduction en bourse, SpaceX pourrait rapidement intégrer les indices grand public et les ETF, avec un rythme de configuration par les fonds passifs susceptible de dépasser largement celui des grandes IPO précédentes. Par exemple, l'indice CRSP suivi par le Vanguard VTI et l'ETF croissance VUG pourrait inclure SpaceX dès 5 jours de bourse après son introduction ; L'indice Nasdaq 100 suivi par le QQQ pourrait l'inclure dès 15 jours de bourse ; L'indice S&P 500 suivi par le SPY pourrait inclure SpaceX en 2027 après modification des règles, etc.

Dans le système de retraite américain, une grande partie des comptes 401(k), des fonds de pension et des comptes d'épargne à long terme adoptent des stratégies d'investissement passives indicielles. Les fonds allouent généralement automatiquement leurs actifs en fonction des composantes de l'indice et de leur pondération dans la capitalisation boursière.

Cette stratégie trouve son origine dans le premier fonds indiciel pour investisseurs particuliers lancé en 1976 par John Bogle, le père des fonds indiciels. Son principe central est de "reproduire le marché plutôt que de le battre". Grâce à des frais de gestion extrêmement bas et une grande diversification, il est devenu le choix de prédilection pour la configuration des comptes de retraite et 401(k). À ce jour, le total des actifs de retraite américains dépasse les 49 000 milliards de dollars.

Cela signifie que, une fois SpaceX inclus dans un indice, tous les fonds qui suivent ces indices de référence n'analysent pas la valorisation, ne jugent pas la bulle, ne se soucient même pas de la rentabilité de l'entreprise, et achètent de force selon la pondération.

Cependant, ce jeu a déjà suscité un mécontentement profond au sein du système de pension.

Récemment, l'American Federation of Teachers a envoyé une lettre à la SEC, exhortant à renforcer l'examen de l'introduction en bourse de SpaceX, avertissant que les économies à vie des travailleurs pourraient être contrôlées par une entreprise ressemblant davantage à une affaire de famille Musk qu'à une société cotée transparente.

Simultanément, les trois plus grands fonds de pension publics américains (CalPERS, et les systèmes de retraite de l'État et de la ville de New York), gérant plus de 1 000 milliards de dollars d'actifs, ont également co-signé une lettre à Musk, s'opposant fermement à la structure de gouvernance extrême de SpaceX, incluant les super-droits de vote, le droit de veto sur sa propre révocation en tant que PDG, et l'immunité contre les poursuites judiciaires.

Ils soulignent que Musk dirige simultanément SpaceX, Tesla, xAI, Neuralink et d'autres entreprises, ce qui représente un risque énorme de dispersion d'énergie. La lettre demande à SpaceX de passer progressivement, dans les sept prochaines années, à un système "une action = une voix", d'établir un conseil d'administration composé majoritairement d'actionnaires externes, de séparer les fonctions de PDG et de président, et d'abolir le droit de veto personnel de Musk.

Cette modification des règles, conçue par Wall Street pour les super-IPO, lie finalement l'épargne-retraite de dizaines de millions d'Américains au rêve spatial grandiose de Musk. Après que les premiers investisseurs aient profité de rendements centuplés, le coût restant du "portage" est transféré à des investisseurs passifs incapables de faire un choix.

Le plus grand jeu de "faire sauter les vieux" de l'histoire, empruntant le nom des indices, commence officiellement.

Related Questions

QQui pourrait devenir la première personne au monde à avoir une fortune de mille milliards de dollars d'après l'article ?

ASelon l'article, Elon Musk pourrait devenir le premier trillionnaire (personne ayant une fortune de mille milliards de dollars) au monde, notamment grâce à l'introduction en bourse de SpaceX.

QComment les fonds de pension américains sont-ils liés au financement des ambitions spatiales de Musk d'après le texte ?

AD'après l'article, les fonds de pension américains, via les investissements passifs dans les indices qui intégreront rapidement SpaceX après son introduction en bourse, pourraient devenir une source de financement involontaire pour les rêves spatiaux d'Elon Musk.

QQuelles préoccupations majeures les grands fonds de pension publics américains ont-ils exprimées concernant la gouvernance de SpaceX ?

ALes grands fonds de pension publics américains (comme CalPERS) ont exprimé de vives préoccupations concernant la structure de gouvernance extrême de SpaceX, notamment les super-droits de vote d'Elon Musk, son droit de veto sur son propre licenciement, et son immunité contre les poursuites judiciaires.

QQuel changement de règle récent des indices boursiers américains facilite l'inclusion rapide de SpaceX après son IPO ?

ALe Nasdaq a modifié ses règles pour permettre l'inclusion d'une nouvelle société dans le Nasdaq 100 en seulement 15 jours de bourse si elle se classe parmi les 40 premières par capitalisation, au lieu d'attendre environ trois mois auparavant.

QPourquoi l'article utilise-t-il l'expression 'faire éclater la pièce d'or des vieux' en référence à Musk et aux retraités américains ?

AL'article utilise cette expression métaphorique ("faire éclater la pièce d'or des vieux") pour critiquer l'idée que la valorisation élevée de SpaceX, soutenue par l'investissement passif des fonds de pension, pourrait mettre en péril les économies-retraite des Américains pour financer les projets risqués et coûteux d'Elon Musk.

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