OpenAI吃掉应用层?a16z说真正的机会在通用模型之外

marsbitPublished on 2026-05-28Last updated on 2026-05-28

Abstract

本文探讨了AI应用层创业公司面临的核心焦虑:在OpenAI、Anthropic等大模型公司同时掌握底层模型、分发渠道和品牌优势的背景下,应用层是否还有机会。a16z合伙人Joe Schmidt借用《绿野仙踪》的比喻,将机会分为两类:一是大模型公司正重点投入的“黄砖路”,如代码生成、写作等横向通用工具;二是深入垂直行业复杂流程的“奥兹国的其他地方”。 作者认为,创业公司的真正机会在于后者。企业真正付费购买的并非更聪明的聊天窗口,而是能对业务结果负责的完整系统。这类系统需要处理混乱的真实数据、复杂的多步骤工作流、多人审批、边界案例以及合规审计等责任,并在模型升级时为客户管理迁移与成本。 垂直应用的核心优势在于: 1. **数据与学习飞轮**:积累行业特有的隐性知识、惯例与反馈,形成模型实验室无法复制的领域洞察。 2. **管理模型复杂性与成本**:为客户跨模型供应商选择最优解,承担模型升级的迁移与调优工作,并通过智能路由实现成本优化。 3. **治理与合规**:针对具体行业构建控制平面,内化合规要求(如法律、医疗、金融监管),提供确定性结果。 文章以销售和保险为例,说明成功的关键是聚焦具体业务结果、攻克高复杂度问题,并构建深入工作流的护栏与迭代能力。判断标准在于:所需步骤与工具的复杂性、是否构建了客户赖以运行的核心系统,以及价值是否最终体现在客户的损益表中。 结论指出,大模型公司将在横向通用领域持续领先,而围绕垂直行业构建“工作系统”、沉淀流程与数据的应用公司,同样能建立深厚护城河。底层模型会越来越强且可替换,但不可替代的是对具体行业工作流的深度理解与赋能能力。下一代企业软件将在“奥兹国的其他地方”诞生。

编者按:随着大模型能力持续提升,AI 应用层正在面临一种普遍焦虑:如果 OpenAI、Anthropic 等模型公司既掌握底层模型,又拥有分发渠道和品牌优势,创业公司还能在应用层做什么?

这正是 a16z 合伙人 Joe Schmidt 在这篇文章中试图回答的问题。他借用《绿野仙踪》中的「黄砖路」作比喻,将 AI 应用机会分成两类:一类是大模型公司正在亲自进入的主路,比如代码生成、写作、图像生成、通用型 Agent 和横向办公助手;另一类则是「奥兹国的其他地方」,也就是那些深入行业流程、依赖复杂工作流、数据沉淀、合规治理和系统集成能力的垂直场景。

在他看来,创业公司真正的机会在后者。

从销售到保险,Joe Schmidt 反复强调同一个逻辑:企业真正愿意付费的,不是一个更聪明的聊天窗口,而是一个能对业务结果负责的系统。它需要理解客户数据的混乱状态,处理多人审批和边界案例,承担合规与审计责任,也要在模型不断升级时,替客户完成迁移、路由和成本优化。

这也是本文对下一代企业软件的核心判断:底层模型会越来越强,也会变得越来越可替换;但真正不可替代的,是围绕具体行业和具体工作流沉淀下来的数据、流程、治理能力与运营记忆。AI 应用公司的机会,不在于与模型公司争夺「黄砖路」,而在于走进那些更复杂、更脏、更慢,但也更接近真实商业价值的地方。

以下为原文:

最近,我不断从创始人和潜在员工那里听到同一个问题:AI 应用层还有什么可做的吗?还是说,OpenAI 和 Anthropic 最终会杀死一切?

这个问题背后有一种很典型的 AI 式焦虑。有人已经得出结论:如果不想沦为永久性的底层,唯一有长期价值的位置,要么是在大模型实验室内部,要么是在机器人、硬科技或类似前沿领域创业——理论上,也就是去做那些「实验室碰不到」的东西。因为如果每一类软件都将被吞噬,要么被 Codex 或 Claude 直接吸收掉对应工作,要么被未来某个模型变得不再必要,那最好的选择似乎就是:快跑!

我承认,自己几乎也是一个 AI 极大主义者,而且我认为他们说对了一半。大模型实验室确实正在进入应用层的大片区域。但「应用层」并不是一个同质化的机会集合。真正重要的判断标准是:你是在走「黄砖路」,还是在奥兹国的其他地方。

所谓「黄砖路」,是我们用来形容大模型实验室正在走、并投入巨大资源的那条路径。代码生成、写作、图像创作这类问题之所以天然适合实验室来做,是因为它们会随着模型原始能力的提升而变得更好:每一美元投入到预训练和后训练中,都会直接改善产品质量。

但奥兹国的其他地方,存在着更复杂、通常也更垂直的问题。它们并不是简单地给一个企业用户提供一个横向工具,让它接入标准工具和电脑操作能力就能解决。这里的价值,更多来自模型周围的脚手架:这些脚手架让输出在特定行业中变得可信、合规,并能真正进入业务流程。底层模型的原始能力当然仍然重要,但已经不是全部。

我们正在实时看到这一点。OpenAI 和 Anthropic 实际上正在向市场承认:它们无法用一个通用的 AI 同事解决所有问题。它们已经宣布投入大规模的前线部署式合资项目,围绕为企业配置和定制模型来搭建完整公司。如果它们真的认为下一次模型发布就能解决这些问题,就不会向这类项目投入数十亿美元。

所以,如果你想靠做 AI 应用赚钱,就不要走黄砖路,而要去奥兹国的其他地方建设。以下是我们以及我们投资组合中的一些创始人,在实践中学到的经验。

黄砖路

如果你要创办一家公司,黄砖路是最显眼的一条路,但也是最危险的一条路。拿一个高性能模型,接上一些现成的连接器,比如 Google Drive、Slack、Salesforce、Notion、GitHub,然后在上面搭一个智能体编排层。看起来像魔法一样。

问题在于,这正是大模型实验室正在通过 Cowork 和 Codex 做的事。很显然,它们拥有模型,这意味着它们有更好的利润率、更强的控制力,也能对所有下游参与者施加定价权。但或许更重要的是,它们还掌握着决定产品适合解决什么问题的架构选择。到目前为止,它们一直非常有意地采用「模型 + 工具调用」的模式,而这恰恰是黄砖路上那些横向、低步骤数量工作所需要的模式。即便一家创业公司能以某种方式超越 Codex 或 Claude Code,大模型实验室仍然拥有庞大的分发能力,以及 AI 领域最强的品牌光环。

如果你是一家 AI 应用公司,采用的是同一套打法:接入相同的连接器,没有下层子智能体或配置,也没有分发渠道,那么你很可能是在走一条通向虚无的路。

奥兹国的其他地方

对创业公司来说,情况并不全是悲观的。在黄砖路之外,仍然存在巨大的机会。创业公司可以在这些地方拥有客户,并解决复杂问题。

这些公司正在构建智能体体验:模型被编织进复杂的工具、自动化和集成网络中——换句话说,就是软件。这也使得大多数这类创业公司天然是垂直化的。它们可以专注于多步骤、多参与方的工作流,针对不同角色和垂直场景设计子智能体,处理 Anthropic 和 OpenAI 的横向平台难以触达的问题:跨系统收集上下文,再把任务路由给多个需要在不同阶段审批的人。

这类工作通常会涉及一个或多个遗留系统,往往需要确定性结果,因为模糊性不可接受,而且有时还会直接绑定某个重要的商业结果。大模型实验室当然知道这些问题有多有价值:这就是为什么它们正在搭建自己的外包式配置团队,也是为什么整个面向大客户的强化学习服务公司群体正在出现。

为什么奥兹国的其他地方不会被「巫师」完全占据

对上面观点的一个反驳是:到目前为止,赌模型或实验室不会继续进步,一直是一笔很糟糕的交易。它们很可能会持续变强,并最终吃掉这些应用层公司所服务的市场。

大模型实验室当然会继续进步。但我认为,奥兹国其他地方的公司,长期来看仍然有几种防守方式。

数据与学习飞轮

很多你在业务中真正内化的东西,并不存在于任何训练集中:不成文的行业惯例、没有文档记录的标准、存在于从业者脑子里的部落知识。它们都不在公开互联网上。无论投入多少训练算力,都无法替代真正进入这些知识所在的工作流内部。

这里叠加了两个飞轮:一个是跨客户飞轮,也就是当你见过同一类问题的更多变体后,模式会不断复利;另一个是客户内部飞轮,也就是具体决策背后的原因、那些没有明说的例外、公司自身的经验法则,只有在用户与系统真实互动时才会浮现。

即便客户数据不能跨客户使用,应用公司仍然可以利用对不同客户问题类型的模式识别,并用它来指导未来问题的架构设计。一家公司如果已经让自己的智能体处理过一百次法律红线修改、一千轮保险核保周期,或一万次 SDR 销售开发活动,它对问题形态的理解,已经不是一个后来者第一次启动新智能体就能复制的。

理论上,一个横向智能体也可以建立同样的学习基础设施。但它没有这么做的原因,除了专注度不足以外,更重要的是用户体验。捕捉这种知识,完全取决于你给用户提供了什么样的工作流界面。垂直玩家可以围绕特定工作流真正需要暴露的信息来设计这些界面,横向工具做不到。评估集、标注输出、边界案例分类体系,都可以复合成一个垂直领域的数据飞轮,并进一步支持微调。后来者如果没有同等规模的生产环境暴露,就很难生成这种飞轮。它是否可行,取决于数据权利、积累的生产使用量以及客户合同结构,但模式识别本身仍然会不断积累。

管理模型波动性与复杂性

大模型实验室内部已经在做路由:针对不同请求调用不同类别的模型,在底层使用模型集成。但它们做不到的是跨供应商路由,也很难为了某个具体子任务评估竞争对手的模型,或在某个狭窄环节使用真正最合适的开源微调模型。

奥兹国其他地方的公司,会在整个模型市场中为每个子任务选择最合适的模型,而不仅仅使用某个母实验室发布的模型。它们也会承担那些没人愿意做的工作:每次新模型发布时重新跑评估、针对客户的边界案例重新校准提示词、在不破坏生产环境的情况下完成上线。大模型实验室不会替客户做这些事。它们把新模型卖给你,然后告诉你去迁移。奥兹国其他地方的公司则吸收了迁移成本。客户得到的是整个市场上最好的智能能力,以及每次升级过程中的连续性。

成本优化

把每个查询都丢给 Opus 4.7,是让毛利率转负的最快路径。最好的奥兹国公司会在不同层级的模型之间做路由:最难的任务交给前沿模型,大部分任务交给中等模型,在已经证明可行的地方使用更小的定制模型或微调模型。

其中一些公司现在已经在此基础上做自己的后训练,把模型优化到客户真正关心的那一小段工作上,并以远低于前沿 API 调用的成本提供服务。大模型实验室为「地板价」定价:花 X 美元能买到的最低智能水平。奥兹国公司卖的则是反过来的东西:在特定工作流真正需要的智能水平下,实现最低美元成本。只有当你非常清楚每个子任务到底需要什么级别的智能时,这才可能做到。而大模型实验室在结构上不可能了解每一个垂直行业里的每个任务。最终,这会直接转化为更低、更可控的结果定价。

治理

成为客户在某个垂直领域运行 AI 的控制平面,会产生相当大的价值。这个控制平面,是权限、审计、智能体被允许做什么、智能体实际做了什么汇聚在一起的地方。

这一控制平面建立在具体用例的护栏之上,而不同行业、不同岗位类型中的护栏完全不同。因为这些公司端到端拥有智能体接触的工具、工作流和数据,它们能够以横向工具难以实现的方式提供确定性结果。它们也会替最终买方吸收监管复杂性:法律领域的美国联邦民事诉讼规则和律师执业规则,医疗领域的 HIPAA,金融领域的 SEC 和 FINRA 规则,州级保险监管,等等。横向玩家如果不把自己变成一百个不同的垂直行业,就无法令人信服地做到这一点。CIO 需要的是一个能够在合同中明确承诺:它会为所提供的智能体承担合规处理责任的合作伙伴。

所有这些最终都回到同一件事:专注。

这种专注可以是一个垂直行业,比如保险、法律、会计;也可以是一个被做得足够深的职能,比如销售、客服、财务。无论哪一种,这项工作都需要一个团队长期扎在同一类客户群体中,理解它的工作流、边界案例和监管要求。大模型实验室并不是为此而建的。它们必须服务所有人、覆盖所有地方,这也是它们最初修建黄砖路的原因。同样的取舍,也会让它们难以进入奥兹国的其他地方:你可以同时无处不在,也可以在一件事上做到极致,但不能两者兼得。

以销售为例:来自 11x 技术型 CEO 的实操建议

在实践中,应该如何理解这件事?以下是 11x CEO Prabhav Jain 给出的一些实操建议。

聚焦结果

建立一家能够抵御大模型实验室冲击的公司,一个可行的战术路径,是从客户真正关心的具体结果出发。对我们来说,这个结果就是帮助企业产生更多销售线索和销售管道。

从这里开始,问题就会变得非常具体:哪些活动是我们想要端到端拥有、并且确实能推动销售管道增长的?把每项活动拆解成任务。哪些任务适合智能体,哪些不适合?哪些需要复杂的领域洞察,哪些不需要?大模型实验室也会推出工作流,但当一个工作流步骤很多、输入混乱、状态难以解释,或者存在现实世界约束时,仅仅有一个更好的模型并不能把事情做成。这时,工作又回到了传统的软件工程,而在这个层面上,大模型实验室相较一家专注的应用公司并没有优势。

举例来说,我们处理的一些任务包括:基于自定义信号进行潜在客户挖掘、潜在客户信息补全、深度账户研究、从 CRM 抓取上下文、针对不同渠道撰写信息、潜在客户资格判断智能体,以及邮件送达系统。其中有些是智能体任务,有些不是。这些任务不是一次提示就能完成的,而是需要深度工程能力。

奥兹国这个类比中的关键洞察是:任何真实工作流中,粗略来看有一半是非智能体任务,而这一半并不带来实验室优势。在模型层之下,它们编写确定性软件的能力并不比你强。而另一半智能体任务,也仍然要求你围绕真正想要的结果,对模型进行调优、训练和约束。

领域知识往往不在通用训练数据中。这些能力必须从垂直行业或具体职能中自下而上构建,并在工作流中合适的时刻喂给模型。当我们的智能体通过电话判断一个入站线索是否合格时,它必须被训练成理解:对特定行业、特定用户画像来说,什么才是一场好的销售对话。这是应用公司要做的工作,而且这种能力会复利。

更重要的是,这些能力会不断过时,因为企业本身也在演化。因此,你持续演化工作流和上下文的能力,本身就会成为竞争优势。比如,当我们刚开始做规模化邮件外联产品时,「AI 写的邮件」才刚刚开始出现。快进到今天,人们已经形成了一种敏锐感觉,能够分辨哪些邮件是 AI 写的、哪些更像人写的,而且关键在于,这种判断每隔几个月就会变化。我们的智能体必须随着市场动态不断调整,但护城河也正是在这里建立起来的。事实上,尽管存在这种动态变化,我们的积极回复率在过去几个月里提高了 4 倍,并为客户创造了数亿美元的销售管道。

做高复杂度问题

复杂问题才是真正释放商业价值的地方。否则,你很容易发现自己只是在做一个薄薄的包装层。

拆解任何足够复杂的商业问题,很快就会看到混乱出现。这里有一个来自 GTM 领域、听起来很简单的例子:如果某家公司已经是你的客户,你就不应该再去联系这家公司里的某个联系人。但这件事一点也不简单。

也许你的 CRM 中有这家公司对应的域名。那么,那些拥有几十家子公司的公司怎么办?如果 CRM 记录的是母公司的域名怎么办?如果 Salesforce 中一个过时的匹配字段,导致你向现有客户的首席营收官发出冷启动销售邮件怎么办?真实世界的数据就是混乱的。人类处理起来都会吃力,模型也不会神奇地越过这道门槛。要从这种混乱中建立秩序,需要围绕问题的具体形态设计专门的智能体,而不是把一个通用副驾驶指向 CRM 就结束了。事实上,基于我们掌握的数据,我们发现自己的数据质量和新鲜度已经高于客户自身,因此默认情况下,我们会以自己的数据为锚。

护栏不只是为了防止坏事发生。客户付钱买的正是这件事

护栏被严重低估了。即便在同一个产品内部,每个用例也都需要自己的护栏。对我们来说,一个受监管的金融服务潜在客户,与一个中型 SaaS 客户所要求的保证完全不同。而这些保证会层层传导到智能体如何书写、可以联系谁、可以接触哪些数据、可以在电话中说什么,以及每个决策如何被记录。

一套「一刀切」的系统会在这种差异面前崩溃。护栏必须按用例构建、按客户配置,并且持续审计,而这些工作完全落在应用公司身上。这也是为什么我们需要前线部署工程师和技术部署策略师,针对每个客户的要求进行调优。

举例来说,我们曾与一家财富 1000 强机构合作,通过语音对其庞大的 SMB 客户群进行经同意的外呼。最初几轮尝试中,接听率很低。我们必须快速迭代,学习如何在通话前 10 秒内让这类特定受众产生互动。SMB 企业主的行为方式,与大型 B2B 买家或消费者完全不同。现在,我们一天为他们创造的销售机会,已经超过其整个销售团队在该细分市场一个月所能创造的数量。

以保险为例:来自 FurtherAI CEO 的实操建议

销售只是一个例子。保险是另一个例子,它从不同角度说明了同一件事。以下是 FurtherAI CEO Aman Gour 对「离开黄砖路建设」的理解。

当我们开始把 AI 部署进真实的保险运营中时,反复听到一个假设:模型才是智能,工作流只是围绕模型搭建的脚手架。

但我们合作的保险公司越多,就越确信这件事正好相反。

在保险行业,很多智能本身就存在于工作流之中。两家保险公司可以让一份提交材料走过看起来相同的路径:提交、审核、报价、承保。路径本身是容易的。真正区分两家保险公司的,是路径内部的所有东西:哪些风险需要升级,哪些损失信号重要,当两条承保偏好规则冲突时哪一条优先,什么时候必须由人类签字确认,需要调取哪些外部数据,以及最终决策如何被记录。

这些逻辑并不存在于一个干净的规则引擎中。它们分散在标准操作流程、经理审核、核保哲学、保险公司特定的风险偏好,以及多年运营经验中。其中很多并没有以模型可以直接读取的形式写下来。

这就是为什么我们不相信那种每次都从零开始推理的纯智能体,也不相信那种一遇到现实复杂性就会崩溃的刚性工作流。相反,我们一直在构建智能体工作流。工作流带来可重复性、可审计性和成本控制;智能体处理变动性,并在理想路径中断时恢复流程;人类则在那些涉及判断和问责的地方保持在环。

第一天,这套系统自动化的是人工工作。但随着时间推移,每一次升级都会成为一个信号,每一个例外都是一次反馈,每一次人类修正都在告诉你原来的操作手册哪里不完整。久而久之,工作流不再只是一段脚本,而会变成保险公司的运营记忆。

这正是大模型实验室难以触达的部分。它们会继续发布更好的模型和更好的通用智能体,而且它们也应该这么做。但它们不会长期待在一家保险公司的生产工作流里,去学习为什么某个账户被升级,为什么某个风险被拒绝,或者为什么某个核保人推翻了风险偏好指南,而且事实证明他是对的。

这种理解,只能来自在生产环境中把同一套工作流运行成千上万次。你第一天交付的工作流并不是护城河。生产使用随着时间形成的循环,才是护城河。

对我们来说,这就是「离开黄砖路建设」的含义。

如何判断自己是在奥兹国其他地方,还是仍然走在黄砖路上?

工具与步骤测试

这项工作需要多少步骤?为了支持它,你需要构建的工具有多复杂?

拿一个横向 AI 在 Google Drive 中搜索作比较:它是针对一个工具的一步操作,结果容错率也很高。用户读完摘要,如果错了,再问一次就行。

再看一个基于律所过去三年先例进行多步骤法律红线修改的任务:它可能涉及几十个步骤、多个工具,输出必须通过合伙人审查,甚至可能需要在法庭上被论证。两者看起来都像是「一个智能体在做事」,但只有后者需要那种由专注团队花多年时间构建的深度软件。

系统测试

你是在构建一个客户用来运行工作的系统,还是在客户已有系统之上增加一个工具?

系统拥有端到端工作流:数据捕捉、治理、工作完成记录。客户在描述实际工作如何发生时,会指向这个系统。工具则只是给客户已经在运行的工作流增加一层智能。

工具型产品也可以产生真实收入,但大模型实验室更容易把它拿走,因为客户并不依赖你作为编排层。高 ACV 通常是系统型产品的信号,因为系统替代的是真实人力,也因此能获得相应付费。但这并不是绝对保证。你需要问自己:如果某个大模型实验室推出了一个看似与你直接竞争的产品,客户是否仍然需要你的工具?如果答案是需要,你在构建的是系统。如果答案是不需要,你就是一个工具——即使你的 ACV 很高。

对冲基金 / 损益表测试

大模型实验室的表现,是用基准测试来评判的;奥兹国其他地方公司的表现,则是用客户的损益表来评判的。

客户并不关心你的模型在 SWE-Bench 或 MMLU 上得了多少分。他们关心的是:你的智能体是否成交了订单,是否正确修改了合同红线,是否承保了正确的保单。如果客户关注的是特定工作流结果,而不是通用能力分数,你就在奥兹国的其他地方。如果客户付钱买的是通用能力,那你卖的就是他们可以通过 Claude 或 Codex 席位获得的东西。

最好的智能体公司需要像对冲基金一样执行:它们赢在 alpha,而 alpha 是在客户损益表中衡量的,不是在基准测试分数中衡量的。

两者都能赢,而且都会赢

我们将会在黄砖路上和黄砖路之外同时看到巨大的赢家。模型会继续获胜,因为它们拥有模型,也拥有为横向工具设计好的分发能力。

奥兹国的其他地方也能赢,前提是它们拥有工作的系统:也就是企业实际执行工作的界面,以及从中流动并被捕捉的数据。这些公司拥有数据捕捉、工作流行动系统和治理。随着某个垂直领域中的复杂工作流逐渐成熟,它们会复合成一种客户离不开的核心体验。随着既有玩家和新进入者不断发布新一代模型,这家公司会成为把这些模型整合并交付给客户的那一层。底层模型是可替换的,但工作的系统不是。

下一代企业软件,将会在黄砖路之外被建立起来。

Related Questions

Q根据文章,什么是a16z合伙人Joe Schmidt所说的“黄砖路”?它主要包含哪些应用类型?

A“黄砖路”是Joe Schmidt借用的一个比喻,用来形容像OpenAI、Anthropic这样的大模型实验室正在亲自进入并投入巨大资源的应用路径。它主要包含那些随着模型原始能力提升而直接变好的应用类型,例如代码生成、写作、图像创作、通用型智能体和横向办公助手等。

Q文章认为创业公司在AI应用层真正的机会在哪里?请简述其核心逻辑。

A文章认为,创业公司真正的机会在“奥兹国的其他地方”,即那些深入行业流程、依赖复杂工作流、数据沉淀、合规治理和系统集成能力的垂直场景。其核心逻辑在于:企业愿意付费的不是一个更聪明的聊天窗口,而是一个能对具体业务结果负责的系统。这种价值来自模型周围的“脚手架”,包括处理混乱数据、多人协作、合规审计、模型路由与成本优化等能力,这些是通用模型难以简单替代的。

Q文章列举了“奥兹国”的公司可以抵御大模型实验室冲击的几种主要防守方式,请列出至少三种。

A1. 数据与学习飞轮:在垂直工作流中内化行业特有知识、惯例和边界案例,形成基于真实业务数据与互动模式的学习与识别能力,这是公开训练集无法获取的。 2. 管理模型波动性与复杂性:为客户在多个模型供应商和开源模型间进行路由与选择,吸收模型升级和迁移的成本与风险,提供持续稳定的服务。 3. 成本优化:根据任务的具体需求,在不同层级(前沿、中等、小型定制)的模型间进行智能路由或进行针对性后训练,在保证效果的同时实现远低于通用API的成本。 4. 治理:成为垂直领域的控制平面,提供符合特定行业法规(如HIPAA、SEC规则)和内部流程的权限、审计、护栏和合规保证,承担最终责任。

Q在“以销售为例”的部分,11x的CEO给出了哪些关于建立有竞争力AI公司的实操建议?

A11x的CEO Prabhav Jain给出的实操建议包括: 1. 聚焦结果:从客户真正关心的具体商业结果(如销售线索和管道增长)出发,反向拆解任务,区分哪些适合用智能体,哪些需要传统软件工程。 2. 做高复杂度问题:主动解决涉及数据混乱、多系统集成、现实世界约束的复杂问题,而非仅做“薄薄的包装层”。 3. 重视护栏:根据客户所在行业和具体用例构建、配置并持续审计差异化的“护栏”系统,确保合规性、安全性和效果,这本身是客户付费购买的价值。

Q文章提出了哪几个“测试”来帮助判断一家AI公司是在“奥兹国”还是走在“黄砖路”上?

A文章提出了三个测试: 1. 工具与步骤测试:评估工作流需要的步骤数量和工具复杂程度。简单的、一步到位的工具任务可能在黄砖路上,而涉及多步骤、多工具、高严谨性输出的复杂任务则属于奥兹国。 2. 系统测试:判断公司是构建了客户用来运行工作的端到端“系统”(拥有数据、工作流、治理),还是仅仅在客户现有工作流上增加一个“工具”。系统更难被替代。 3. 对冲基金/损益表测试:看客户的付费是依据通用的基准测试分数,还是依据在其自身损益表上衡量的具体业务结果(如成交订单、承保正确率)。后者表明公司在奥兹国。

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Built on the Ethereum blockchain, CRMON utilises robust smart contract capabilities to ensure transparent, secure operations. The smart contract architecture incorporates layered security and compliance mechanisms, enabling automated compliance checks and real-time asset backing verification. Integration with oracle services maintains accurate pricing and dividend information, ensuring CRMON reflects the underlying Salesforce stock's accurate performance. This architecture delivers automated dividend reinvestments and other corporate actions, eliminating manual processing requirements and directly enhancing tokenholder benefits. Ondo Finance ensures CRMON's security structure includes daily third-party verification of holdings, independent collateral agents, and a multiple-layer custody system through partnerships with established financial institutions. This framework safeguards tokenholder interests against operational risks while providing robust asset backing. The user interface enhances integration capabilities, allowing seamless interaction between CRMON and various decentralised finance protocols, as well as cryptocurrency exchanges. This interoperability enables users to leverage their tokenised equity across multiple platforms, creating sophisticated investment strategies that marry traditional equity characteristics with blockchain-native innovation. Leadership and Corporate Structure of Ondo Finance The leadership team behind CRMON and Ondo Finance blends expertise from traditional finance and blockchain technology, presenting a robust combination of skills essential for successfully bridging conventional markets with decentralised finance. Nathan Allman, the founder and CEO, emerged from a distinguished financial background before establishing Ondo Finance in 2021. Allman's experience includes notable roles at major financial institutions, including significant contributions to developing cryptocurrency market services. His insights into regulatory compliance were paramount in developing products like CRMON that successfully unify traditional securities with blockchain technology. With a team of professionals boasting substantial experience in both conventional finance and blockchain sectors, Ondo Finance's leadership comprises diverse expertise that covers every aspect of tokenised asset development. Justin Schmidt serves as President and COO, contributing unique operational expertise, while Chris Tyrell brings essential compliance knowledge. Investment Landscape and Funding History The investment landscape surrounding Ondo Finance reflects significant institutional confidence in its mission to tokenise real-world assets. The company has raised substantial funds through various investment rounds, attracting leading venture capital firms and strategic investors that recognise the transformative potential of tokenised securities like CRMON. Notably, Ondo Finance completed a successful Series A funding round in 2022, led by well-known venture capital firms. This funding success validates Ondo Finance's innovative approach to creating compliant, institutional-grade tokenised products. In total, Ondo Finance has successfully secured substantial funding, raising significant capital for product development and market expansion, including a noteworthy token sale that reinforced its governance structure through the establishment of the ONDO token. The diverse composition of investors reflects broad market confidence in Ondo Finance's business model, demonstrating support from both traditional and blockchain-native organisations. Operational Mechanics and Technical Implementation The operational framework supporting CRMON exemplifies sophisticated integration of traditional financial mechanisms with blockchain technology. The technical implementation introduces multiple layers of security, compliance, and operational efficiency to meet institutional standards while enhancing accessibility. The tokenisation process begins by acquiring actual Salesforce stock through U.S.-registered broker-dealers, ensuring each CRMON token maintains direct correlation with the underlying equity performance. Smart contracts automate operational processes, including dividend reinvestment and corporate action processing, facilitating a streamlined user experience. The Minting and redemption processes allow authorised participants to manage CRMON tokens effectively. During U.S. trading hours, institutions can mint new tokens by depositing stablecoins that are used to purchase corresponding Salesforce equity. This structure maintains a tight correlation with underlying assets, enhancing liquidity and price discovery. Additionally, the infrastructure supports twenty-four-hour token transfer capabilities, providing CRMON holders with operations outside traditional market hours. This represents a significant advantage over conventional securities ownership, thus promoting integration with decentralised finance applications. Plans for cross-chain compatibility through partnerships signal further ambitions for CRMON's market reach. By expanding to other blockchain networks, Ondo Finance aims to enhance accessibility and user engagement with tokenised equity products. Timeline and Historical Development of Tokenized Equity Innovation The timeline of CRMON's development and Ondo Finance's broader tokenised capabilities demonstrates a systematic innovation process beginning with the company's founding in 2021. 2021: Ondo Finance is founded by Nathan Allman and co-founders, launching initial products focused on structured vault offerings on the Ethereum blockchain. 2022: The company completes substantial funding rounds—both equity and token sales—totaling significant capital and launching initial tokenised U.S. Treasury products. 2023-2024: Ondo Finance experiences substantial growth, establishing partnerships with major financial institutions while expanding its product offerings beyond fixed-income securities. February 2025: Ondo Global Markets is announced, marking the transition into equity tokenisation with plans for accessing over one hundred U.S. stocks and ETFs. September 2025: The official launch of Ondo Global Markets includes CRMON alongside other tokenised equity offerings, marking a significant evolution in Ondo Finance's product ecosystem. This timeline highlights the organisation's rapid growth and its capability to adapt its technological and compliance frameworks to accommodate different asset classes effectively while maintaining security and regulatory integrity. Regulatory Framework and Compliance Approach Ondo Finance's regulatory framework showcases a sophisticated compliance strategy, essential for achieving institutional adoption in the tokenised securities market. The company's strong partnerships with U.S.-registered broker-dealers promote adherence to Securities and Exchange Commission regulations and apply robust investor protections. Acquisitions, such as Oasis Pro—a registered broker-dealer—significantly enhance Ondo Finance's compliance capabilities, ensuring thorough alignment with existing regulatory structures. The company employs independent verification procedures that foster transparency, aiming for a solid performance standards reputation. Furthermore, Ondo Finance's commitment extends to international regulatory compliance, ensuring token access remains restricted to eligible investors while adhering to pertinent cross-border securities regulations. Comprehensive attention to tax implications and reporting requirements fortifies the security and compliance landscape of CRMON, ensuring that investor obligations remain manageable. Future Prospects and Market Positioning The forward-looking landscape for CRMON and Ondo Finance illustrates substantial growth opportunities driven by institutional adoption of blockchain technology and escalating demand for efficient alternatives to conventional securities ownership. Market projections indicate the tokenised asset sector could value multiple trillion dollars by 2030. With plans to scale CRMON offerings significantly and integrate it with a dedicated blockchain infrastructure—Ondo Chain—Ondo Finance aims to elevate its institutional-grade tokenised asset operations. Additionally, the development of strategic partnerships enhances distribution capabilities while establishing the company's credibility in the financial market. Furthermore, the integration of tokenised equity with decentralised finance protocols offers new potential for innovative financial products and strategies previously impossible with traditional securities. These factors underscore CRMON's positioning to effectively capture increased market share and deliver innovative solutions for international investment exposure. Conclusion Salesforce Tokenized Stock (CRMON) symbolises a transformative development within financial markets, successfully bridging traditional equity ownership with blockchain technology to create unprecedented accessibility for global investors. Through Ondo Finance's sophisticated tokenisation framework, CRMON provides complete economic exposure to Salesforce equity performance while enhancing operational advantages that exceed traditional ownership. The launch of CRMON reflects the broader evolution of financial markets towards blockchain infrastructures that maintain regulatory compliance while delivering increased efficiency. Ondo Finance's extensive approach to regulatory adherence, institutional-grade security, and technological innovation solidifies CRMON as a model for future tokenised securities, delivering access previously unattainable in conventional brokerage structures. As the tokenised asset sector continues to develop, CRMON is well-positioned to address historical inefficiencies in capital markets while providing investors with innovative solutions for accessing traditional securities. The outlook for CRMON looks exceptionally promising, supported by ambitious expansion plans, technological innovations, and strategic partnerships, thereby representing a pioneering model of modern financial infrastructure evolving through blockchain integration.

3.1k Total ViewsPublished 2025.12.05Updated 2025.12.05

What is CRMON

What is SHOPON

Shopify Tokenized Stock (Ondo): A Comprehensive Analysis of Real-World Asset Tokenization in Web3 This article delves into the Shopify Tokenized Stock (Ondo), recognised by its ticker symbol $SHOPON, exploring its implications at the intersection of traditional finance and blockchain technology. As a part of Ondo Finance's tokenized securities platform, Shopify’s tokenized stock exemplifies advancements in democratizing access to global capital markets through innovative digital assets. Introduction and Overview of Shopify Tokenized Stock (Ondo) Shopify Tokenized Stock (Ondo), or $SHOPON, portrays a pivotal innovation in the realm of tokenized securities, allowing investors to gain economic exposure akin to directly owning shares of Shopify Inc. This token, developed under the umbrella of Ondo Finance, not only provides investors with the ability to hold digital representations of the company’s stock but also integrates features such as automatic reinvestment of dividends. This advancement represents a substantial shift in the landscape of decentralized finance (DeFi), linking conventional equity markets with blockchain solutions designed to enhance accessibility, transparency, and liquidity. By eliminating geographical barriers and enabling 24/7 trading capabilities, $SHOPON is positioned as a bridge connecting traditional financial instruments and the emerging Web3 ecosystem. What is Shopify Tokenized Stock (Ondo), $SHOPON? The $SHOPON token serves as a digital manifestation of Shopify Inc.'s shares, engineered to provide a direct correlation to the underlying asset's performance. Through the utilization of blockchain technology, the token gives holders a mechanism to participate in the economic benefits associated with equity ownership, including capital appreciation and dividend distribution. The unique aspect of $SHOPON lies in its automatic dividend reinvestment mechanism, which allows returns to compound without necessitating active management by the investor. This feature inherently enhances its attractiveness as an investment vehicle, particularly for individuals seeking passive income growth alongside exposure to high-performing equities. The tokenization process is facilitated by the custody of actual Shopify shares through regulated intermediaries, ensuring that every $SHOPON token is verifiably backed by real equity. This structure empowers investors with the dual advantages of both traditional financial characteristics and the innovative benefits tied to blockchain technology. Who is the Creator of Shopify Tokenized Stock (Ondo)? The creator of Shopify Tokenized Stock (Ondo), Nathan Allman, is an experienced figure in the finance sector, formerly associated with Goldman Sachs. His rich background includes significant expertise in digital asset development, bridging the gap between traditional finance and cryptocurrencies. Allman’s educational journey, marked by studies at Brown University, provided him with a deep understanding of economics and biology, equipping him with analytical skills that inform his strategic vision. In 2021, he founded Ondo Finance, committing to developing tokenized securities that meet institutional-grade standards while leveraging blockchain's transformative capabilities. Under Allman's leadership, Ondo Finance has focused on creating compliant and innovative financial products that empower a diverse investor base. Who are the Investors of Shopify Tokenized Stock (Ondo)? The investment landscape surrounding Shopify Tokenized Stock (Ondo) is notably robust, underpinned by significant institutional support. Primarily, Pantera Capital stands out as a strategic partner through the Ondo Catalyst initiative, a $250 million commitment aimed at accelerating the development of on-chain capital markets. This partnership not only signifies institutional confidence in the potential of tokenized assets but also reinforces Ondo Finance's operational capabilities and market positioning. The funding pathways have included earlier rounds that amassed millions in seed funding and further structural investments, solidifying relationships with both venture capital firms and private investors. Moreover, the financial framework is complemented by strategic partnerships with established financial institutions and technology companies, enhancing Ondo’s infrastructure and operational expertise. How Does Shopify Tokenized Stock (Ondo), $SHOPON Work? At the core of $SHOPON's operational framework is a sophisticated system integrating traditional finance mechanisms with blockchain technology. The custody of actual Shopify shares ensures that token holders retain authentic economic exposure, safeguarding their investments in line with recognized legal structures. The smart contracts employed in managing $SHOPON handle various functions, including automatic dividend reinvestment and ownership transfer, offering instant settlement and increased liquidity, marking a significant departure from conventional trading systems plagued by multi-day settlement delays. By providing interoperability with other decentralized finance applications, $SHOPON empowers holders with potentially lucrative opportunities for advanced investment strategies, including lending and automated market making. This complex integration presents a unique value proposition, catering to both traditional and crypto-native investors. The innovative structure of $SHOPON also allows for real-time settlements and transactions documented on the blockchain, delivering unparalleled transparency and security—a major advancement over standard equity trading practices. Timeline of Shopify Tokenized Stock (Ondo) March 2021: Nathan Allman establishes Ondo Finance, initially focusing on decentralized finance yield optimization. August 2021: Completion of a $4 million seed funding round led by Pantera Capital. January 2023: Launch of initial tokenized treasury security products, laying the groundwork for future equity tokenization. July 2025: Announcement of the Ondo Catalyst initiative, a strategic investment program valued at $250 million, aimed at propelling the development of tokenization in capital markets. September 3, 2025: Launch of Ondo Global Markets featuring over 100 tokenized U.S. stocks and ETFs, including $SHOPON. Technical Implementation and Blockchain Infrastructure Shopify Tokenized Stock (Ondo) operates on a technical architectural framework that marries blockchain protocols with traditional financial custody arrangements. The ecosystem leverages Ethereum's smart contract capabilities, providing seamless transaction management while ensuring compliance with regulatory standards through established financial custodians. Central to this architecture are security measures and transparent transaction records that affirm the legitimacy of each tokenholder's economic stake. With automated features managed by intricate smart contracts, $SHOPON not only streamlines ownership transfers but also allows for the tactical reinvestment of dividends—a hallmark of modern investment strategies. Moreover, the incorporation of LayerZero technology facilitates cross-chain interoperability, making $SHOPON accessible across multiple blockchain environments while preserving its functional robustness. This forward-thinking technical design positions $SHOPON as an adaptable asset within the larger DeFi milieu. Regulatory Framework and Compliance Architecture $SHOPON's regulatory framework is built upon the meticulous navigation of existing financial regulations that govern securities. The custody arrangements for the underlying Shopify shares are managed by U.S.-regulated broker-dealers, ensuring compliance and protection for investors. By maintaining a separation between the blockchain tokenization process and traditional custody, $SHOPON adheres to legal requirements while offering innovative functionalities that challenge conventional constraints. This dual-layered compliance approach enhances investor confidence and underscores Ondo Finance's commitment to regulatory integrity. Notably, the availability of $SHOPON is tailored to international investors from regions such as Asia-Pacific, Europe, and Africa, as regulatory parameters in the U.S. and U.K. present challenges in accessing tokenized securities. Market Access and Global Distribution Strategy The distribution strategy of $SHOPON is keenly designed to optimize global access while conforming to regulatory standards. The platform aims to establish comprehensive coverage for eligible investors across multiple regions, effectively dismantling traditional barriers through the implementation of blockchain technology. Integration with various cryptocurrency wallets and exchanges also promotes user-friendliness and accessibility, establishing a streamlined experience for investors to manage their holdings. Moreover, the 24/7 trading capabilities afforded by the tokenized model allow participants to react promptly to market shifts, fundamentally transforming how global equities are accessed and traded. Technology Integration and Cross-Chain Functionality The remarkable technological underpinnings of $SHOPON propagate its multi-chain functionality, set to expand its reach beyond Ethereum to networks such as Solana and BNB Chain. Such cross-chain capabilities allow users flexibility when navigating between blockchains, concurrently leveraging distinct network attributes to optimize their trading experience. LayerZero serves as the backbone for ensuring decentralized transfers between networks while providing the requisite security and speed, quintessential for maintaining investor trust. This comprehensive interoperability illustrates $SHOPON's commitment to being a versatile, user-centric asset in the evolving investment landscape. Ecosystem Integration and DeFi Compatibility Incorporating $SHOPON into broader DeFi protocols signifies its potential beyond traditional stock ownership. Token holders can leverage their holdings for various sophisticated strategies and applications, enhancing investment returns and liquidity management. By establishing a presence in lending protocols and automated trading systems, $SHOPON effectively democratizes access to advanced financial strategies previously limited to institutional investors. Such integration contributes to a more competitive and dynamic financial landscape, where individual investors can capitalize on tools typically reserved for larger entities. Risk Management and Security Framework Security remains paramount in the operational infrastructure of $SHOPON. The tokenization framework employs multiple layers of protection—beginning with regulated custody of the underlying Shopify shares. The operational protocols establish rigorous auditing, key management, and transaction monitoring standards, thus safeguarding against potential vulnerabilities. Moreover, meticulous adherence to evolving regulatory requirements provides an extra layer of security, fortifying investor protections and institutional compliance. Market Impact and Industry Implications The introduction of Shopify Tokenized Stock (Ondo) heralds a transformative shift in how financial markets operate, emphasizing the potential of tokenized securities to reshape traditional investment paradigms. The successful integration of $SHOPON encapsulates the efficiencies inherent in blockchain technology and opens avenues for new user demographics previously barred from extensive market participation. The impact extends beyond the immediate benefits to token holders, indicating broader trends that may challenge the status quo of investment services, particularly in addressing geographic restrictions and operational costs typically associated with traditional brokerage platforms. Undeniably, $SHOPON encapsulates the potential for traditional institutions to innovate further, leveraging the increasing demand for seamless blockchain access to complement existing financial infrastructure. Future Development Roadmap and Strategic Vision As Ondo Finance looks forward, the trajectory of $SHOPON rests on ambitious goals aimed at broadening the spectrum of available tokenized assets significantly. Over the next few years, plans are in place to expand to more than 1,000 tokenized securities, further enhancing market participation and investment options for individuals worldwide. Continued integration with traditional financial actors, development of specialized institutional products, and enhancements in automated trading capabilities will ensure that $SHOPON maintains its position at the forefront of financial innovation. Regulatory collaboration will also remain a focal point, establishing a framework that not only supports the compliance requirements but also promotes a healthy environment for tokenized asset proliferation. Conclusion and Market Significance In summary, Shopify Tokenized Stock (Ondo), represented by the ticker $SHOPON, is more than merely a tokenized equity offering; it embodies the innovation possible when traditional finance collides with modern blockchain applications. With a robust technical architecture, a commitment to compliance, and a clear strategic vision, $SHOPON exemplifies the potential for tokenized assets to enhance liquidity, accessibility, and functionality in capital markets. As the global investment landscape evolves, the transformative implications of $SHOPON extend beyond individual investors to revolutionize how financial instruments are perceived, traded, and utilized within both traditional and decentralized frameworks.

3.1k Total ViewsPublished 2025.12.05Updated 2025.12.05

What is SHOPON

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