AMD新论文颠覆认知:FP4训练不稳定,原因不是随机性不足

marsbitPublished on 2026-05-27Last updated on 2026-05-27

Abstract

AMD最新研究发现,FP4训练不稳定的主要原因并非此前认为的随机性不足,而是结构性微缩放误差在关键梯度路径上累积放大所致。 过去,尝试使用FP4从头训练大模型常因训练不稳定而失败。AMD与宾夕法尼亚州立大学的论文通过实验证明,在Transformer的权重梯度计算路径上使用FP4量化会导致收敛质量显著下降。此前用于缓解量化误差的随机性策略(如随机舍入)在此场景下反而加剧了不稳定性。 研究团队采用MXFP4数据格式,并引入确定性Hadamard旋转作为稳定化方法,成功在AMD MI355X GPU上完成了Llama 3.1-8B模型的全流程FP4预训练。结果显示,该方法在仅增加8-9%训练数据开销的情况下,实现了比FP8基线快9-10%的端到端训练速度。 这项研究首次在原生FP4硬件上验证了低精度训练的可行性,为降低大模型训练成本提供了新方向,并指出结构性误差分析比增加随机性更为关键。基于开放标准OCP的MXFP4格式也增强了该方案在不同硬件平台间的可移植性。

众所周知,大模型训练成本极高。

但大家又知道,降低训练精度能够显著降低训练成本。DeepSeek-V3 用 FP8 训练把成本打到了 560 万美元,已经让全行业侧目。

在 FP8 成功后,行业仍然在不断探索低精度的边界:从 FP8 降到 FP4,训练成本还能再降多少?

理论上,FP4 的计算吞吐可以是 FP8 的两倍。NVIDIA Blackwell 和 AMD MI350 系列都已经在硬件层面原生支持了 FP4 运算,前者在 B200 上标称 FP4 算力可达 4500 TOPS(稀疏)。硬件已经准备好了,但软件和算法那一侧,一直卡在一个问题上:

用 FP4 从头训练大模型,训练过程非常不稳定。

过去两年里,LLM-FP4、NVFP4 预训练等工作陆续尝试了这条路,但鲜有方案能在 4 比特精度下干净利落地跑通全流程预训练,同时保持接近 FP8 的收敛质量。

更棘手的是,崩溃的原因一直不清楚,分析认为,FP4 训练不稳定的原因很可能来自随机性不足。

但就在最近,AMD 联合宾夕法尼亚州立大学发布了一篇论文,颠覆了传统的认知,为原生 FP4 训练给出了一个全新的清晰诊断。

  • 论文标题:Pretraining large language models with MXFP4 on Native FP4 Hardware
  • 论文链接:https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.09825

这篇论文在 AMD Instinct MI355X GPU 上,用 MXFP4 格式完成了 Llama 3.1-8B 的全流程预训练,端到端训练速度比 FP8 基线快 9-10%,token 开销仅多 8-9%。这是目前第一个在原生 FP4 硬件(非软件模拟)上完成大模型预训练的完整实验。

更重要的是,论文揭示了核心问题:FP4 训练的不稳定性的来源不是随机性不足,是结构性微缩放误差沿敏感梯度路径累积放大。

MXFP4 是什么

在拆解论文之前,有必要先理解 MXFP4 这个数据格式。

传统的整数量化通常对整个张量使用一个缩放因子。MXFP4 的核心设计叫「微缩放」(Micro-scaling):把一个张量切成小块(比如每 32 个元素一组),为每个小块分配一个共享指数(E8M0 格式),块内的每个元素用 4 比特浮点数表示。重建公式可以写成:

其中 E_shared 是块内最大指数,Q_FP4 是最近舍入到 4 比特浮点可表示值。

微缩放的好处在于:每个小块有自己的动态范围,不会被全局异常值「绑架」。这让 4 比特浮点数的表示质量比朴素的全局量化好很多。

但即便有了微缩放,FP4 训练依然不稳定。

排查实验:不稳定的根源

研究团队先设计了一个逐步排查的控制实验。

一次完整的 Transformer 线性层计算,涉及三个通用矩阵乘法操作:

Fprop(前向传播):计算 Y = XW^T,产出激活值

Dgrad(激活梯度):计算 ∇X = ∇Y · W,将梯度回传给输入

Wgrad(权重梯度):计算 ∇W = (∇Y)^T · X,产出用于更新权重的梯度

研究团队保持其他所有因素不变,逐步把这三个操作从 FP8 替换成 MXFP4,观察每一步对收敛的影响。所有实验都在 AMD Instinct MI355X 上用原生 FP4 tensor core 执行,不依赖软件模拟。

训练任务是 MLPerf 标准设置,在 C4 数据集上预训练 Llama 3.1-8B,收敛目标是验证集困惑度达到 3.3。

前两步只带来了温和的额外 token 开销,但一旦把 Wgrad 也换成 MXFP4,开销直接跳到 26-27%。

Wgrad 是 FP4 训练的瓶颈所在。 前向传播和激活梯度对 FP4 量化有相当的容忍度,但权重梯度一旦被量化到 4 比特,收敛质量就出现了显著退化。

业界此前的主流直觉是:FP4 量化误差本质上是噪声问题,因此可以通过注入随机性来「平滑」误差分布。两种常见策略是:

随机舍入(Stochastic Rounding):在量化时引入随机性,使舍入误差的期望值为零

随机 Hadamard 旋转(Randomized Hadamard):在量化前用带随机符号翻转的 Hadamard 变换打散数据分布

当 Wgrad 被量化后,两种随机性策略不仅没有稳定训练,反而直接导致了不收敛。随机性非但没有帮忙,还在关键的梯度路径上引入了更多有效量化误差。

相比之下,确定性 Hadamard 旋转一把将全流程 token 开销从 26-27% 压回到 8-9%,训练轨迹紧密跟踪 FP8 基线。

这是一个非常有诊断价值的结果。随机和确定性 Hadamard 旋转都是正交变换,都能打散异常值的能量分布,理论上对量化误差的缓解效果应该类似。但它们在 Wgrad 场景下的表现截然相反,这揭示了问题的本质:

FP4 训练的不稳定性,是由 MXFP4 微缩放在敏感梯度路径上产生的结构性误差驱动的。 随机性策略失败是因为它们在每一步引入了不同的误差模式(pattern),而这些变化的误差模式沿梯度路径累积,反而放大了不稳定性。确定性旋转之所以有效,恰恰因为它在每一步施加相同的变换,让误差模式保持一致,避免了误差累积。

端到端效率:训练步吞吐 +20%,综合加速 9-10%

把确定性 Hadamard 旋转加上全流程 MXFP4 之后,效率数据如下:

训练步吞吐提升了 20%,扣掉多出的 8-9% token 开销之后,端到端综合加速仍有 9-10%

考虑到这是把精度从 8 比特直接砍到 4 比特,这个收敛质量和加速幅度都相当可观。

左图:在 C4 数据集上进行 MLPerf 预训练时,Llama 3.1–8B 的验证困惑度随训练 token 数变化的曲线。结果显示,MXFP4 + 确定性 Hadamard 与 FP8 的表现非常接近,而未进行稳定化处理的全流程 MXFP4 收敛速度更慢,训练稳定性也更差。右图:训练后期的局部放大视图。MLPerf 的目标困惑度为 3.3。与未稳定化的 MXFP4 运行相比,确定性 Hadamard(H16)能够与 FP8 基线保持更紧密的一致性。

值得注意的是,作者在论文中明确强调了一项重要限制:这套 FP4 训练方案(MLPerf C4 数据集 + Llama 3.1-8B)的效果已经得到验证,但不能直接假设它能无缝迁移到所有模型、所有数据集和所有训练方法。FP4 训练的行为可能是高度设置依赖的,具体的稳定策略需要根据场景重新验证。

结语

把这篇论文放到更大的产业脉络里,至少有三层意义。

第一层:它回答了一个根本性的「为什么」。 过去的 FP4 训练工作大多聚焦于「怎么让它不崩」,这篇论文第一次给出了清晰的因果诊断:崩溃源于 Wgrad 路径上的结构性微缩放误差,而非随机性不足。这个诊断本身就具有方法论价值,它告诉后续研究者:在低精度训练中遇到不稳定性时,应该优先排查结构性误差源,而非盲目增加随机性。

第二层:它把 FP4 从「推理专属」推向了「训练可用」。此前行业共识是 FP4 只适合推理量化,训练至少要用 FP8。NVIDIA 在 Blackwell 上主推 FP4 推理而非训练,也反映了这一判断。这篇论文在原生 FP4 硬件上跑通了全流程预训练,意味着 MI355X 和 Blackwell 上那些为推理准备的 FP4 算力,理论上也可以用来训练。如果 FP4 训练在更大模型和更多场景上被验证可行,等于现有硬件的可用训练算力直接翻倍。

第三层:它使用了 OCP 开放标准。 MXFP4 是 OCP Microscaling 格式标准的一部分,背后有 AMD、NVIDIA、Intel、Meta、Microsoft、Arm、Qualcomm 七家公司联合支持。基于开放标准意味着这套方法在不同厂商的硬件上都有可移植性,不会被锁定在单一生态里。

从 FP16 到 FP8,DeepSeek-V3 已经证明精度减半可以大幅降低训练成本。从 FP8 到 FP4,这篇论文迈出了关键的第一步。精度每砍一刀,整个大模型训练的经济性都在发生转变。

本文来自微信公众号 “机器之心”(ID:almosthuman2014),编辑:冷猫

Related Questions

QAMD与宾夕法尼亚州立大学的联合论文,关于FP4训练不稳定的根源提出了什么新观点?

A该论文颠覆了传统认知,指出FP4训练不稳定的根源不是随机性不足,而是结构性微缩放误差沿敏感梯度路径(特别是权重梯度Wgrad路径)累积并放大所导致的。

Q论文中提到的MXFP4数据格式,其核心设计“微缩放”具体是什么?与传统量化有何不同?

AMXFP4的“微缩放”核心设计是将一个张量切成小块(如每32个元素一组),并为每个小块分配一个共享指数(E8M0格式),块内元素用4比特浮点数表示。与传统对整个张量使用单一缩放因子的整数量化相比,微缩放让每个小块有自己的动态范围,避免了全局异常值的影响,从而提升了4比特浮点的表示质量。

Q在排查实验中,将Transformer线性层的哪个操作替换为MXFP4导致了最显著的收敛质量退化?

A在排查实验中,将权重梯度计算操作(Wgrad)替换为MXFP4导致了最显著的收敛质量退化,使训练所需的token开销从温和增加飙升至26-27%,这表明Wgrad是FP4训练的瓶颈所在。

Q为了稳定FP4训练,论文中验证的有效策略是什么?它为何比随机性策略更有效?

A论文验证的有效策略是使用确定性Hadamard旋转。它比随机舍入或随机Hadamard旋转等随机性策略更有效,因为它在每一步施加相同的正交变换,使得量化误差模式保持一致,从而避免了变化的误差模式沿梯度路径累积放大所引起的不稳定性。而随机性策略引入了变化的误差模式,反而加剧了不稳定。

Q这项研究在端到端训练效率上取得了什么具体成果?对产业有何潜在意义?

A端到端训练效率上,使用全流程MXFP4加确定性Hadamard旋转后,训练步吞吐提升了20%,综合考虑到多出的8-9% token开销,最终端到端综合加速达到9-10%。产业意义在于:1. 为FP4训练不稳定性提供了清晰的因果诊断;2. 证明了FP4可用于训练而不仅是推理,有望使现有硬件的可用训练算力翻倍;3. 基于OCP开放标准MXFP4,提高了方案在不同硬件厂商间的可移植性。

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What is AGENT S

Agent S: The Future of Autonomous Interaction in Web3 Introduction In the ever-evolving landscape of Web3 and cryptocurrency, innovations are constantly redefining how individuals interact with digital platforms. One such pioneering project, Agent S, promises to revolutionise human-computer interaction through its open agentic framework. By paving the way for autonomous interactions, Agent S aims to simplify complex tasks, offering transformative applications in artificial intelligence (AI). This detailed exploration will delve into the project's intricacies, its unique features, and the implications for the cryptocurrency domain. What is Agent S? Agent S stands as a groundbreaking open agentic framework, specifically designed to tackle three fundamental challenges in the automation of computer tasks: Acquiring Domain-Specific Knowledge: The framework intelligently learns from various external knowledge sources and internal experiences. This dual approach empowers it to build a rich repository of domain-specific knowledge, enhancing its performance in task execution. Planning Over Long Task Horizons: Agent S employs experience-augmented hierarchical planning, a strategic approach that facilitates efficient breakdown and execution of intricate tasks. This feature significantly enhances its ability to manage multiple subtasks efficiently and effectively. Handling Dynamic, Non-Uniform Interfaces: The project introduces the Agent-Computer Interface (ACI), an innovative solution that enhances the interaction between agents and users. Utilizing Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), Agent S can navigate and manipulate diverse graphical user interfaces seamlessly. Through these pioneering features, Agent S provides a robust framework that addresses the complexities involved in automating human interaction with machines, setting the stage for myriad applications in AI and beyond. Who is the Creator of Agent S? While the concept of Agent S is fundamentally innovative, specific information about its creator remains elusive. The creator is currently unknown, which highlights either the nascent stage of the project or the strategic choice to keep founding members under wraps. Regardless of anonymity, the focus remains on the framework's capabilities and potential. Who are the Investors of Agent S? As Agent S is relatively new in the cryptographic ecosystem, detailed information regarding its investors and financial backers is not explicitly documented. The lack of publicly available insights into the investment foundations or organisations supporting the project raises questions about its funding structure and development roadmap. Understanding the backing is crucial for gauging the project's sustainability and potential market impact. How Does Agent S Work? At the core of Agent S lies cutting-edge technology that enables it to function effectively in diverse settings. Its operational model is built around several key features: Human-like Computer Interaction: The framework offers advanced AI planning, striving to make interactions with computers more intuitive. By mimicking human behaviour in tasks execution, it promises to elevate user experiences. Narrative Memory: Employed to leverage high-level experiences, Agent S utilises narrative memory to keep track of task histories, thereby enhancing its decision-making processes. Episodic Memory: This feature provides users with step-by-step guidance, allowing the framework to offer contextual support as tasks unfold. Support for OpenACI: With the ability to run locally, Agent S allows users to maintain control over their interactions and workflows, aligning with the decentralised ethos of Web3. Easy Integration with External APIs: Its versatility and compatibility with various AI platforms ensure that Agent S can fit seamlessly into existing technological ecosystems, making it an appealing choice for developers and organisations. These functionalities collectively contribute to Agent S's unique position within the crypto space, as it automates complex, multi-step tasks with minimal human intervention. As the project evolves, its potential applications in Web3 could redefine how digital interactions unfold. Timeline of Agent S The development and milestones of Agent S can be encapsulated in a timeline that highlights its significant events: September 27, 2024: The concept of Agent S was launched in a comprehensive research paper titled “An Open Agentic Framework that Uses Computers Like a Human,” showcasing the groundwork for the project. October 10, 2024: The research paper was made publicly available on arXiv, offering an in-depth exploration of the framework and its performance evaluation based on the OSWorld benchmark. October 12, 2024: A video presentation was released, providing a visual insight into the capabilities and features of Agent S, further engaging potential users and investors. These markers in the timeline not only illustrate the progress of Agent S but also indicate its commitment to transparency and community engagement. Key Points About Agent S As the Agent S framework continues to evolve, several key attributes stand out, underscoring its innovative nature and potential: Innovative Framework: Designed to provide an intuitive use of computers akin to human interaction, Agent S brings a novel approach to task automation. Autonomous Interaction: The ability to interact autonomously with computers through GUI signifies a leap towards more intelligent and efficient computing solutions. Complex Task Automation: With its robust methodology, it can automate complex, multi-step tasks, making processes faster and less error-prone. Continuous Improvement: The learning mechanisms enable Agent S to improve from past experiences, continually enhancing its performance and efficacy. Versatility: Its adaptability across different operating environments like OSWorld and WindowsAgentArena ensures that it can serve a broad range of applications. As Agent S positions itself in the Web3 and crypto landscape, its potential to enhance interaction capabilities and automate processes signifies a significant advancement in AI technologies. Through its innovative framework, Agent S exemplifies the future of digital interactions, promising a more seamless and efficient experience for users across various industries. Conclusion Agent S represents a bold leap forward in the marriage of AI and Web3, with the capacity to redefine how we interact with technology. While still in its early stages, the possibilities for its application are vast and compelling. Through its comprehensive framework addressing critical challenges, Agent S aims to bring autonomous interactions to the forefront of the digital experience. As we move deeper into the realms of cryptocurrency and decentralisation, projects like Agent S will undoubtedly play a crucial role in shaping the future of technology and human-computer collaboration.

700 Total ViewsPublished 2025.01.14Updated 2025.01.14

What is AGENT S

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