La Demande de Ripple pour un Compte Maître auprès de la Fed Prend de l'Élan après l'Ordre de Trump

bitcoinistPublished on 2026-05-21Last updated on 2026-05-21

Abstract

Le président Donald Trump a signé un décret visant à évaluer l'accès des entreprises de la fintech et de la cryptographie aux infrastructures de paiement fédérales. Ce décret, intitulé "Intégrer l'innovation financière dans les cadres réglementaires", demande à la Réserve fédérale d'examiner, sous 120 jours, les conditions d'accès aux comptes et services de paiement pour les institutions non bancaires, y compris celles liées aux actifs numériques. Pour Ripple, cette initiative relance sa demande de compte "master account" auprès de la Fed, essentielle pour sa stratégie de stablecoin RLUSD. La société a également déposé une demande d'agrément bancaire national. Le cas de Kraken Financial, qui a obtenu un tel compte (limité) en mars, sert de référence, tandis que le refus opposé à Custodia Bank rappelle les obstacles juridiques. Parallèlement, la Fed explore un type de compte "allégé" ("skinny account") pour l'innovation en paiements, une option que Ripple considère également. L'ordre exécutif ne garantit pas l'approbation de Ripple, mais il place cette question politique cruciale sur l'accès direct aux infrastructures de règlement du dollar dans un calendrier formel.

Le président Donald Trump a signé un décret poussant les régulateurs financiers américains et demandant une action de la Réserve fédérale pour examiner si les entreprises de la fintech et liées aux crypto-monnaies devraient bénéficier d'un accès élargi à l'infrastructure centrale des paiements. Pour Ripple, qui cherche à obtenir un compte maître auprès de la Fed lié à sa stratégie de stablecoin RLUSD, ce décret rapproche un long combat du secteur du centre de l'agenda politique financier de Washington.

Le décret du 19 mai, intitulé "Intégrer l'Innovation Fintech dans les Cadres Réglementaires", présente la question comme une question de concurrence et de modernisation. « Le gouvernement fédéral doit mettre à jour la réglementation pour permettre l'intégration des actifs numériques et des technologies innovantes dans les services financiers traditionnels et les systèmes de paiement. Le gouvernement fédéral doit également supprimer les réglementations et pratiques de supervision excessivement lourdes et fragmentées qui créent des barrières à l'entrée et profitent principalement aux entreprises de services financiers en place », indique le décret.

La section la plus importante pour les entreprises de crypto est celle sur les services de la Réserve fédérale. Le décret demande à la Fed d'évaluer le cadre juridique, réglementaire et politique pour l'accès aux comptes de paiement et aux services de paiement des Banques de Réserve par les institutions de dépôt non assurées et les sociétés financières non bancaires, y compris celles impliquées dans les actifs numériques. La Fed est priée de soumettre ses conclusions et recommandations dans les 120 jours, y compris si la loi existante permet un accès élargi et si les Banques de Réserve régionales peuvent agir de manière indépendante lorsqu'elles accordent ou refusent des demandes.

Ce Que Cela Signifie pour Ripple

Pour Ripple, le timing est notable. En juillet 2025, le PDG Brad Garlinghouse a déclaré que l'entreprise avait demandé une licence bancaire nationale américaine, tout en sollicitant un compte maître auprès de la Fed qui lui permettrait d'accéder à l'infrastructure de paiement de la Réserve fédérale et de détenir les réserves de RLUSD directement auprès de la banque centrale. La demande de licence de Ripple a été confirmée par le Bureau du Contrôleur de la Monnaie, tandis que la demande de compte maître était présentée comme faisant partie de la stratégie plus large de l'entreprise en matière de stablecoin et de paiements.

La demande de Ripple ne se fait pas en isolement. Kraken Financial, la filiale bancaire agréée du Wyoming de l'exchange, a annoncé en mars qu'elle avait obtenu un compte maître de la Réserve fédérale, devenant ainsi la première banque d'actifs numériques aux États-Unis à obtenir un accès direct à l'infrastructure de paiement de la Fed. Kraken a déclaré que cette approbation faisait suite à plus de cinq ans d'engagement réglementaire et permettrait une connectivité directe à Fedwire sans dépendre de banques intermédiaires.

Cette approbation est devenue le modèle et le signe d'avertissement pour le reste du secteur. Le compte de Kraken est à usage limité et initialement accordé pour un an, lui donnant accès à Fedwire et à des soldes limités overnight, mais pas aux intérêts sur les réserves, aux prêts d'urgence de la Fed, à FedNow ou à l'ACH. Parmi les autres entreprises cherchant un accès similaire figurent Ripple, Anchorage Digital et Wise.

Il est à noter que la question a déjà été testée en justice. Custodia Bank, une autre institution du Wyoming axée sur la crypto, a demandé un compte maître en octobre 2020, a poursuivi la Fed en 2022 pour des retards, et a vu sa demande rejetée en janvier 2023. En 2025 et 2026, des décisions de la cour d'appel ont renforcé l'opinion que les Banques de Réserve conservent le pouvoir discrétionnaire de rejeter les demandes de compte maître, un contexte juridique que le décret de Trump demande maintenant explicitement à la Fed d'examiner.

Ripple a également montré de l'intérêt pour une voie plus limitée. En novembre, le directeur juridique de Ripple, Stu Alderoty, a déclaré que le concept de compte "light" de la Fed était attrayant malgré les restrictions, car il pourrait tout de même améliorer la rachetabilité des réserves de RLUSD sans accorder tous les avantages d'un compte maître traditionnel.

La Fed avait déjà ouvert cette porte avant le décret de Trump. En décembre, elle a demandé l'avis du public sur un "compte de paiement" à objet spécial pour les institutions éligibles axées sur l'innovation en matière de paiements. Le prototype serait distinct d'un compte maître, ne paierait pas d'intérêts, ne fournirait pas de crédit de la Fed et serait soumis à des plafonds de solde.

La poussée de Ripple vers le stablecoin donne un poids supplémentaire à la question du compte maître. L'entreprise a déclaré en décembre que l'OCC avait approuvé sous conditions la création de Ripple National Trust Bank, une banque fiduciaire supervisée au niveau fédéral qui gérerait les réserves de RLUSD sous la supervision conjointe du NYDFS et de l'OCC.

Globalement, le décret de Trump n'accorde pas de compte maître à Ripple. Il force cependant la question politique dans un calendrier formel : faut-il que les entreprises construisant l'infrastructure de paiement en crypto et de stablecoin restent dépendantes d'intermédiaires bancaires, ou obtiennent un accès direct et à risque limité aux infrastructures souveraines sous-jacentes au règlement en dollars.

Au moment de la rédaction, le XRP s'échangeait à 1,3647 $.

Les haussiers du XRP doivent franchir le niveau Fib 0,618, graphique hebdomadaire | Source : XRPUSDT sur TradingView.com

Related Questions

QQuel est l'objet de l'ordre exécutif signé par Donald Trump mentionné dans l'article ?

AL'ordre exécutif, intitulé "Intégrer l'innovation technologique financière dans les cadres réglementaires", pousse les régulateurs financiers américains et demande à la Réserve fédérale d'évaluer si les entreprises de la fintech et du crypto devraient obtenir un accès élargi aux infrastructures de paiement de base, dans un souci de concurrence et de modernisation.

QPourquoi la demande de compte principal (master account) auprès de la Fed est-elle cruciale pour Ripple ?

APour Ripple, l'obtention d'un compte principal de la Fed est un élément clé de sa stratégie plus large concernant les stablecoins et les paiements. Cela lui permettrait d'accéder directement à l'infrastructure de paiement de la Réserve fédérale et de détenir les réserves de son stablecoin RLUSD directement auprès de la banque centrale, améliorant ainsi la stabilité et la convertibilité.

QQuelle entreprise du secteur des actifs numériques a déjà obtenu un compte principal de la Fed, et quelles sont ses limites ?

AKraken Financial, la branche bancaire agréée dans le Wyoming de l'exchange Kraken, a été la première banque d'actifs numériques aux États-Unis à obtenir un compte principal de la Fed en mars. Cependant, ce compte est à usage limité, accordé initialement pour un an, et n'offre pas accès à tous les services comme les intérêts sur les réserves, les prêts d'urgence de la Fed, FedNow ou l'ACH.

QQuel est le précédent juridique concernant les demandes de compte principal de la Fed pour les institutions liées à la crypto, comme évoqué dans l'article ?

ALe précédent juridique a été établi par l'affaire Custodia Bank. Cette institution crypto du Wyoming a vu sa demande de compte principal refusée en 2023, et des décisions d'appel en 2025 et 2026 ont confirmé que les Banques de réserve régionales conservent un pouvoir discrétionnaire pour rejeter de telles demandes. C'est ce cadre juridique que l'ordre de Trump demande explicitement à la Fed d'examiner.

QQuelle alternative au compte principal complet la Fed a-t-elle proposée, et pourquoi Ripple pourrait s'y intéresser ?

AAvant l'ordre de Trump, la Fed avait sollicité des avis publics sur un "compte de paiement" à vocation spéciale pour les institutions éligibles axées sur l'innovation en matière de paiements. Ce prototype, distinct d'un compte principal, ne paie pas d'intérêts et ne fournit pas de crédit de la Fed. Ripple a montré de l'intérêt pour ce concept "allégé" car il pourrait néanmoins améliorer la convertibilité des réserves du RLUSD sans offrir tous les avantages d'un compte principal traditionnel.

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