比特币被华尔街“驯服”?贝莱德ETF成幕后推手

金十数据Published on 2025-07-29Last updated on 2025-07-29

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华尔街正逐步掌控比特币的定价权。曾经由离岸交易平台和散户热情主导的全球最大加密货币,如今正越来越多地在美国金融体系内部被定价和操盘。

通过挂钩ETF和指数的交易所期权市场迅速扩张,从散户到不断涌入的机构投资者,正在重新定义比特币的交易方式,包括从短线对冲到波动率策略,而这一切都无需直接接触底层资产。曾经属于加密原生圈层的“颠覆性实验”,如今正被传统金融重构为标准化操作模板。

流动性带来合法性,合法性吸引更多资金

这场变革的核心,是贝莱德(BlackRock)旗下的iShares比特币信托基金(IBIT)。作为当前全球规模最大的比特币ETF,IBIT管理资产已达860亿美元,同时也带动了一个活跃到令人震惊的期权市场,行业内部甚至开始呼吁监管机构放宽持仓限制。

IBIT相关期权的未平仓合约总量今年以来已增长三倍,达到约340亿美元,标志着该基金已成为加密市场风险定价的关键引擎。近期每日交易量平均达40亿美元,超越信用市场和新兴市场的旗舰基金,仅次于美股、黄金和小盘股ETF中最具流动性的产品。

Asym 500创始人Rocky Fishman表示:

“ETF在推出短短八个月内就催生出如此规模的期权市场,极为罕见。”

外媒汇总的监管披露数据显示,自去年年底以来,持有IBIT的机构数量几乎翻倍,显示传统金融玩家正在迅猛进场。尽管IBIT仅占美股比特币ETF总资产略多于一半,却贡献了绝大多数交易活动,反映其在市场风险管理中的核心地位。

IBIT的崛起象征着加密市场结构的一次根本性转变:从杠杆驱动、监管真空的离岸平台,转向美国金融体系的受监管中心。其增长也在推动一个自我强化的循环:流动性带来合法性,合法性吸引更多资金。

“过去,加密期权难以获得机构认可,主要因为它们都在离岸交易所,”做市商Keyrock首席执行官Kevin de Patoul指出,“但如今,有了现货ETF和美股上市的期权,机构终于找到了符合自身投资框架的接入口。”

对于那些长期受制于监管灰区的机构配置者而言,合规的本土工具带来了从被动投资向主动交易的转变,这一转变来得极快。这些策略几乎照搬了股票和债券市场上的标准做法——将比特币视为一种可控的风险敞口。

Amberdata衍生品主管Greg Magadini表示:“这些资金流具备天然的抑波作用,有助于遏制恐慌性抛售。”

他指出,即便在行情强劲上涨的时期,IBIT的看涨和看跌期权之间的价格差也在缩小,表明市场行为正在发生变化。比起散户一味追涨,更多投资者似乎正通过买入看跌期权进行风险对冲,这种模式更符合机构化策略的特征。

结构性掣肘仍未解除

与此同时,比特币价格发现的地理重心也在向美国倾斜。数据公司Kaiko指出,全球最主要的交易对——比特币兑美元,在美股时段的成交占比已从2021年的41.4%升至57.3%。FalconX Research的数据显示,当前近一半的比特币现货成交量已通过12只美国ETF完成。

IBIT期权的爆发式增长正在缩短其与Deribit之间的差距,后者是目前仍被加密原生交易者广泛使用的离岸衍生品交易平台。

目前,IBIT和Deribit几乎是两个割裂的市场。理论上,这种分化提供了套利机会,但由于两者的抵押品机制不同,资金流通受限,想要进行大规模套利交易并不容易。做市商Auros香港区总经理Le Shi指出:

“目前还没有统一的抵押品体系,但未来稳定币可能会在这两者之间架起桥梁。”

迈向整合的一个关键动作,是Coinbase于今年5月以29亿美元收购Deribit。据Deribit首席执行官Luuk Strijers透露,两家公司正努力改善平台间的连接。

他说,“这有可能实现更顺畅的抵押品流转、统一的风险管理框架,甚至跨平台的敞口净额结算——这些都将自然带来更多交易机会。”

但即使系统连通性有所提升,结构性掣肘仍未解除。IBIT的期权市场正在遭遇瓶颈。当前监管设定的合约持仓上限为2.5万张,原意在控制系统性风险,却也限制了机构策略的扩展空间。

除非美国证券交易委员会(SEC)提高这一上限,IBIT在波动率市场的功能可能难以进一步拓展——恰逢资产管理机构正寻求加码系统化策略。芝加哥期权交易所(Cboe)今年2月的一项研究指出,目前的上限使IBIT在风险暴露上的能力远低于MBTX和CBTX等竞争产品。

今年1月,纳斯达克已向SEC提交提案,建议将IBIT的持仓限额提高十倍。SEC须在9月前作出决定。业内普遍认为,若获批准,这将成为市场流动性跃升的分水岭,让做市商和机构投资者能够管理更大规模的头寸。

“如果限制取消,IBIT的期权成交量很可能出现显著增长,”贝莱德数字资产主管Robbie Mitchnick在接受采访时表示。

尽管监管上限在短期内抑制了IBIT在期权市场的进一步扩张,但并未改变其作为华尔街通往加密世界首选入口的地位。这也意味着,随着比特币的日益成熟,它正在被纳入那个曾经排斥它的传统金融体系,而IBIT正处于这场融合的中心。

“最终,所有资产都将数字化,”de Patoul说,

“而‘加密货币’终将不过是金融体系中的一环——像其他资产一样被定价、对冲和管理。”

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What is $BITCOIN

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