比特币渐成战略资产,大国博弈中如何促进其采用?

深潮Published on 2024-07-31Last updated on 2024-07-31

一旦一些有影响力的国家采用比特币,其他国家将会效仿,这时会产生跟风效应。

作者:ASXN

编译:深潮TechFlow

当特朗普 2024 年在比特币纳什维尔大会上向听众发表讲话时,他阐述了将美国转变为全球加密货币领导者的愿景。在演讲的最后,他做出了一个显著的承诺:他承诺永远不会出售美国政府现有的 213,000 BTC 库存。他将这一巨额储备描述为国家战略比特币储备的基石。

虽然这一初步声明可能因今天的丝绸之路交易而受到挑战,但这引出了一个与比特币本身一样古老的概念——国家间比特币采用的博弈论。

博弈论是一种用于理解战略互动的数学框架,是分析国家如何看待比特币采用的有用工具。一般来说,它帮助我们在不确定性或信息不完整的情况下做出更好的决策。在国家间比特币采用的具体背景下,研究博弈论将有助于我们理解国家在创新、税收、采用、监管及其他重要变量上的思考方式。

一个国家的比特币采用策略最好通过博弈论中的两个核心概念来理解——先发优势(First Mover Advantage)和收益矩阵(Payoff Matrix)

先发优势

早期采用比特币的国家将享有显著的优势(如果 BTC 成功的话)。这些优势可能包括成为创新和投资的中心,吸引加密企业,以及为数字货币监管设定全球标准。然而,早期采用者同样面临更高的风险,包括尚未探索的监管领域和潜在的经济不稳定。一个国家“行动”的越早,风险和回报就越高。

一旦一些有影响力的国家采用比特币,其他国家将会效仿,以避免被甩在后面——这时会产生跟风效应。这种效应是由采用的回报以及不采用的风险驱动的。此时,比特币采用周期进入了 s 曲线的最陡部分。

收益矩阵(Payoff Matrix)

在博弈论中,收益矩阵帮助说明不同策略的潜在结果。对于比特币的采用,每个国家评估比特币采用与不采用的成本和收益,并选择最佳策略。显然,考虑到成本与收益的权衡,主导策略是采用。

在博弈论中,最佳反应函数是指在其他玩家选择的策略下,为某个玩家(国家)提供最高收益的策略。对于考虑比特币采用的国家来说,最佳反应函数是根据其他国家的预期行动及其带来的经济和地缘政治动态选择的最佳策略。其逻辑大致如下——国家 1 评估成本收益权衡并决定采用。国家 1 意识到所有其他国家也将选择采用,因此国家 1 得出结论,既然所有国家都会选择采用,他们应该加快采用速度,以免失去竞争优势。

Slowly, then all at once.(深潮注:源自于著名的作家和经济学家欧内斯特·海明威,Ernest Hemingway 的作品,通常用来描述一种渐进的变化过程,最终导致突发的、剧烈的结果。)

采用博弈论的实际应用

为了更直观地理解采用的博弈论,让我们看几个例子——萨尔瓦多、美国各州和 MicroStrategy。这些例子突显了采用博弈论在国家、地区和企业各个层面上都在发挥作用。

在 2021 年,萨尔瓦多成为第一个宣布将 BTC 作为储备资产和法定货币的国家。从那时起,政府已累计购买 5825 BTC,市场价值为 3.94 亿美元。

在 2024 年 5 月,威斯康星州成为第一个宣布购买 BTC 的美国州。他们在向 SEC 提交的文件中披露,他们已为其养老基金购买了价值 1.6 亿美元的 BTC ETF。虽然对于一个 1320 亿美元的养老基金来说,这并不是一笔巨额资本,但它表明了对比特币作为储蓄技术的理解以及作为先行者的优势。

MicroStrategy 可能是先发优势的典型代表。在 2020 年底,迈克尔·塞勒宣布计划购买 BTC,并已累计购买 22.6 万 BTC,占总供应量的 1% 以上。尽管当时这一选择并不被看好,但塞勒的远见和耐心使他为自己和股东创造了巨大的价值。

采用博弈论,未来的前景如何?

在 2024 年比特币纳什维尔大会上,比特币的热心支持者和总统候选人罗伯特·肯尼迪 Jr. 提出了一个更激进的比特币采用计划。他计划每天购买 550 BTC,直到美国的持有量达到 400 万 BTC(占比特币总供应量的 19%)。这将与美国在全球黄金储备中的比例相匹配。

尽管特朗普在比特币纳什维尔大会上提出的想法可能会实现,也可能不会,但他公开承认比特币及其特性这一简单事实是一个胜利的标志,我们已经看到这一点的初步迹象

将视野扩大到更广泛的加密货币采用博弈论,我们发现美元计价稳定币采用的主导战略和美元霸权的巩固又是一个例子。现存的法定货币有 180 种,其中大多数货币的表现都不如比特币。通过推动在货币失效的经济体中采用美元计价的稳定币,他们将朝着确保全球美元主导地位迈出重要一步。

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