从资产发行角度,看BTC扩容的演化与挑战

PanewsPublished on 2023-11-22Last updated on 2023-11-24

Abstract

Ordinals爆火:开启比特币资产发行的全新可能

从资产发行角度,看BTC扩容的演化与挑战


Infinitas丨AC Capital 联合出品
主笔:轩睿丨0xDragon888
编辑&审核:Echo | echoindahouse
指导:洪蜀宁
本文将结合 Ordinals 给BTC生态带来的新常态,从资产发行角度看 BTC 扩容的目前遇到的挑战,最后预测有资产发行+应用场景的RGB & Taproot Assets 有潜力引领下一个叙事。

摘要(TL;DR)
1. Ordinals生态爆火:开启比特币资产发行的全新可能
2. Ordinals带来新常态:区块空间的争夺、UTXO膨胀
3. 从资产发行看BTC扩容的演化与挑战
4. 有资产发行+应用场景的扩容方案增长潜力巨大
Ordinals爆火:开启比特币资产发行的全新可能
作为数字黄金或者是货币,比特币社区自从2017年硬分叉之后就变得保守,最近几年并无新的叙事。2023年初的 Ordinals协议拨动比特币的命运齿轮,再到Ordinals生态用户大爆发,六年来比特币链上手续费首次超过以太坊,加密行业的叙事想象力又回到比特币区块链上。

从资产发行角度,看BTC扩容的演化与挑战


从资产发行角度,看BTC扩容的演化与挑战


Source:https://cryptofees.info/
Ordinals 协议诞生之前,BTC技术端有几次重大的升级。2017年,SegWit(隔离见证)升级激活,将区块空间扩容到 4 MB,提高了交易吞吐量。紧接着开发者推出闪电网络,比特币 Layer2 走进大众视野。2021年的 Taproot 升级又带来更安全、高效、私密的比特币,为比特币带来可编程性。
技术端的改进并没有解决真实的痛点,直到 Ordinals 的出现彻底打开 BTC 生态落地的大门。2022 年12 月 Casey 推出 Ordinals 协议,Ordinals 协议是一种针对比特币网络的扩展协议,它允许在比特币 Satoshis(聪)上铭刻数据,Ordinals 协议通过为每个聪分配唯一编号并添加注释来实现扩展功能。
受 Ordinals 协议启发,Domo于 2023 年 3 月 8 日创建比特币实验性的 Token 代币标准BRC-20,利用 JSON 数据的序数和 Inscription(铭文)来部署代币合约、铸币和转移代币。利用聪来存储和管理代币的各种信息。
比特币之前一直存在铸造和发行资产的方式,比如 2012 年的彩色币、2014年 Counterparty,但都没有抓住用户痛点,BRC20 上的采用 Fair launch+协议控制资产的方式激发了真实的用户需求,BRC-20 的爆炸式增长也开启了比特币上资产发行的全新可能。
截至目前,Ordinals 生态上已经产生了超过 4100 万个铭文,这些数字化铭文是被刻在世界上最古老最安全的分布式账本上,包括图像、文本、音频甚至应用程序。其中文本铭文( BRC-20)占比重最大,Ordinals 生态已经派生出了 BRC-20、ATOM、PIPE 和 RUNES 等多个创新分支协议,Ordinals 爆火为BTC生态带来新流量,同时也为BTC生态埋下了新伏笔。

从资产发行角度,看BTC扩容的演化与挑战


从资产发行角度,看BTC扩容的演化与挑战


Source:https://dune.com/dgtl_assets/bitcoin-ordinals-analysis
Ordinals带来链上新常态:区块空间的争夺、UTXO膨胀
Ordinals 爆火热潮也反映在用户高昂交易手续费用上,文本铭文的数据占用小,BRC-20 用户愿意支付高昂的交易手续费用,矿工们用创纪录的交易数量填充区块空间,过多的 BRC-20 交易会抢占交易带宽,导致交易入块时间变长以及手续费变高。
2022年矿工从交易手续费费用中总共赚取 5374 BTC,而自从 Ordinals 铸造以交易手续费累计消耗 2886 个BTC,Ordinals 的出现让矿工的收益不再依赖于比特币奖励,确保⽐特币矿⼯减少对纯粹区块奖励的依赖,交易手续费的占比的大幅提高,也为矿工收入带来第二曲线。

从资产发行角度,看BTC扩容的演化与挑战


从资产发行角度,看BTC扩容的演化与挑战


Source:https://studio.glassnode.com/workbench/btc-transaction-count-momentum
Ordinals 生态铭文数量急剧增长后,更广泛的比特币社区就其对比特币的影响展开了激烈的辩论,反对表示比特币认为以牺牲金融交易为代价,Ordinals 交易只会增加⽐特币⽹络的 Mempool 积压、抬⾼交易⼿续费,并最终阻碍点对点交易。
Ordinals 协议的创始人 Casey 于 9 月表示,比特币区块链上目前的同质化代币协议 99.9 %的骗局和Meme。然而它们似乎不会很快消失,就像赌场不会很快“消失”一样。建立一种更更好的资产发行协议Runes,这样赌徒们可以继续赌博,又不至于创建大量 UTXO 增加节点负担。
同样发出担忧的还有 BTCStudy 创始人 Ajian,他表示从技术角度看BRC20是一种落后的技术,BRC-20 的铸造和转移明明不需要 UTXO 上的关联,它却限制了单个 UTXO 所能铸造的代币数量,它们很可能会永远留在 UTXO 集中,结果造成UTXO集的膨胀,增加比特币全节点负担,比特币网络的坑审查能力和免信任性受到重要影响。
自 BRC20 开启交易以来(2023 年4 月),比特币的 UTXO 集已经从 5 GB膨胀到 8.16 GB,比特币开发社区一直在争论是否要使用技术手段屏蔽铭文交易,铭文交易带来的UTXO膨胀正在侵蚀着比特币网络。

从资产发行角度,看BTC扩容的演化与挑战


从资产发行角度,看BTC扩容的演化与挑战


Source:https://statoshi.info/d/000000009/unspent-transaction-output
Ordinals 生态拥簇则认为,Ordinals爆火为比特币生态带来新流量和用户习惯,BTC 生态也要适应 Ordinals 带来的链上新常态。Ordinals生态的叙事下一步应该着重解决 UTXO 膨胀,最终更好的资产发行方式才能使比特币生态拥有更多原生的应用生态,推动比特币生态可持续化的发展。
从资产发行看BTC扩容的演化与挑战
BTC 生态目前不缺资产发行协议,缺的是智能合约和扩展性,扩展性能够决定了 BTC 扩容某个方向的发展可能和生命周期,比特币 Layer1 扩容方案的复杂度高,更被社区接受的是基于比特币 Layer1 构建新的 Layer2,既兼容并且不影响比特币系统,同时又解决链上拥堵的问题。
比特币生态在完成隔离见证之后,全力朝向闪电网络、侧链等 Layer2 方向发展。无论是闪电网络、侧链还是 RGB 协议,比特币 Layer2 的发展正在如火如荼的进行,在这里不讨论 Liquid 联盟链、仅从更好的资产发行的角度来看,对比 Brc-20、Stacks、Bitvm、闪电网络、RGB、Taproot Assets在图灵完备、去中心化和可扩展性三个维度存在重要的挑战:

从资产发行角度,看BTC扩容的演化与挑战


从资产发行角度,看BTC扩容的演化与挑战


  • 侧链 Stacks:侧链龙头Stacks目前链上 19.3 MTVL,Stacks有很多好处,尤其可以把现有的以太坊应用直接搬过来,但是侧链 Stacks、RSK 等侧链方案都面临着中心化问题,Q4即将迎来Stacks Nakamoto升级,sBTC作为智能合约即将上线。
  • BRC20:铭文生态龙头,BRC-20是一种比特币脚本,图铃完备性并不完备,用户基础多,协议足够简单,但占用太多链上空间,同时 BRC-20 完成资金安全过于中心化,缺乏可扩展性和图灵不完备限制 BRC-20进一步发展,目前Rune、Arc-20、pipe、BRC-20Swap等正在进一步解决相关问题;
  • 闪电网络:闪电网络是比特币生态中规模与影响力最大的 Layer2,越来越多的公司正在进入闪电网络生态系统,其通过特定状态通道在链下支付,并在比特币链上进行最终结算,但闪电网络不能发行 Token,仅适用于高频支付,也没有智能合约功能,图灵完备性较差,闪电网络的用户数和使用场景仍然较少,但基于闪电网络开发的协议Taproot Assets、RGB等则有更多想象空间。
  • RGB:受到 2016 年 Peter Todd 提出的一次性密封(Single-use seal)和客户端验证(Client-Side Validation)概念启发的 RGB 为闪电网络引入了智能合约功能,2023 年 4 月发布GRB v.010,技术复杂性导致生态尚未落地,Infinitas、Bitlight Labs、Diba、Bitswap、Pandora Prime Inc 等项目陆续打开RGB落地的可能性。Tether的CEO也表示 RGB 是比特币链上发行稳定币的最佳选择,Tether 正在考虑通过 RGB 发行USDT的可能性。
  • Taproot Assets:同样是客户端资产验证协议,2023 年10 月发布 Taproot Assets v0.3 主网 alpha 版,目标将比特币拓展为一个可扩展的多资产网络,但 Taproot Assets 的资产发行是分发制,由项目方分发而不是用户主动铸造的,Taproot Assets 的应用场景更适合面向项目方、机构的资产发行, 目前基于Taproot Assets构建的新协议Nostr Assets Protocol将资产引入Nostr社交协议。
  • BitVM:2023年10月白皮书发布,BitVM 采用类似 Rollups 的思想在链下执行复杂程序,再将关键的证据放到链上。同样是为比特币带来图灵完备的智能合约,但BitVM 对于计算能力提出极高要求,仅有理论可执行性。可拓展性和商业落地有待更进一步了解。

从资产发行角度,看BTC扩容的演化与挑战


从资产发行角度,看BTC扩容的演化与挑战


资产发行+应用场景的 BTC 扩容方案增长潜力巨大
随着比特币生态各基础设施日渐完善,各个扩容路线都陆续跑马圈地,BTC 扩容下一个阶段竞争有两大核心问题亟需解决:
从资产发行角度:技术路线是否适配落地应用场景?是否去中心化,是否图灵完备?是否有可拓展性?
从资产流通角度:协议进展能否获得行业内的基础设施和用户的采用和支持?
从资产发行角度看,BTC 目前做资产发行的距离以太坊还有不少的差距,一是知名项目相欠缺,二是用户规模也不如以太坊,但作为当前市值最高的区块链网络,未来有资产发行协议+应用场景的 BTC Layer2 增长潜力巨大。
当下的 Ordinals 彻底打开比特币上资产发行的可能性,但Ordinals 不可能像以太坊一样支持链上计算,BTC生态如何像以太坊一样完成资产结算,从 BTC 资产发行的技术演化看,RGB & Taproot Assets 等客户端验证范式有潜力接棒Ordinals铭文成为新一个重要叙事生态。
同时在未来的比特币多资产时代,BTC 生态爆发还需要多元化的应用场景,多元化应用场景的前提是以稳定币作为基础,而闪电网络是最好的稳定币发行平台,但是并没有足够多的稳定币沉淀,Taproot Assets 和 RGB 未来有潜力在高频支付、稳定币、DeFi、NFT 等领域加速发展,覆盖更多的赛道和用户,拓展闪电网络多元化的应用场景。

从资产发行角度,看BTC扩容的演化与挑战


从资产发行角度,看BTC扩容的演化与挑战


总结
比特币生态目前迎来了第一轮Ordinals东风,除了资产发行之外,比特币生态还需要更复杂和更可持续的应用场景可持续的赋能,从资产发行技术演化看,RGB & Taproot Assets等客户端验证范式正在推动变革,更少的链上计算,更多的链上验证,催生比特币生态更合理的资产发行方式。
参考

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363 Total ViewsPublished 2025.05.13Updated 2025.05.13

What is $BITCOIN

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