分析:比特币闪电网络能否逃过监管?

吴说区块链Published on 2022-12-12Last updated on 2022-12-12

Abstract

闪电网络如何兼容监管?我们深入探讨这个问题,结果得到了令人惊讶的乐观评估。

闪电网络如何兼容监管?我们深入探讨这个问题,结果得到了令人惊讶的乐观评估。

闪电网络是将比特币扩展为全球支付系统的巨大希望,目前网络正在迅速发展。

然而,有一个棘手、尴尬的问题经常被忽视,那就是它是否经得起欧盟的监管?

这场迟来的讨论主要围绕两个问题:闪电网络中哪些参与者躲避了监管——以及他们是否真的有能力遵守规则?

这些都是棘手的问题。当我开始研究它们时,起初的答案令人沮丧,监管似乎不可避免地会消灭闪电网络。但最终结果证明,前景比预期的要好。

表面受托人被视为受托人

让我们从显而易见的开始:托管钱包需要许可证。他们将受到监管,就像 "加密资产托管人 "或 "VASP"(虚拟资产服务提供商)一样。

这虽不至于让人感到惊讶,但仍然令人不舒服。因为与纯链上钱包不同,托管人极大地改善了闪电网络的用户体验。无需担心渠道和流动性,你可以像使用链上钱包一样使用 BlueWallet、lnbits、Zebedee 或 LNTXBOT 等钱包。

这些托管钱包——以及它们的用户——迟早会进入监管现实。对于那些选择忽略这一点的人来说,这可能是一个沉重的打击。然而最终,闪电网络帮助监管部门接触到了那些本来永远也接触不到的用链上钱包的比特币用户。

像 Phoenix 和 Muun 这样的半托管钱包很有趣。使用这些钱包,用户自己管理他们的密钥,但依赖于(未经确认的)运营商节点的支付渠道。这些半托管钱包提供几乎与托管钱包一样好的用户体验。

如果他们抵制监管,它可能有助于为闪电网络设定更高的钱包标准。

闪电节点是否会被监管

更困难也更令人不快的是闪电节点是否也被认为是“VASP”的问题。

欧盟监管专家帕特里克·汉瑟(Patrick Hanser)表示,“专业闪电节点”可以被视为受监管的支付提供商。然而,他没有说明他所说的 "专业 "是什么意思。

如果“专业”需要从某事中产生收入,那么每个闪电节点都会在收取付款费用后实现这一点。

从形式上讲,闪电节点充当受托人:它拿走发送者的钱,并用自己的钱支付给接收者。智能合约确保他不会作弊。但这足以避免被归类为受托人吗?

毕竟,私有节点可以选择降低或大幅降低费用。这将使他们成为一个爱好项目,而不是一个受监管的企业。

而由公司在商业基础上运行的节点将有更多的困难。一些例子:LNBIG 提供大量流动性来赚取收益,Bitrefill 也提供流动性收费,Acinq 节点为 Phoenix 钱包提供入站容量,等等。

即使像凤凰这样的半托管钱包可以逃脱监管,它们背后的节点也不能逃避监管。

闪电网络中的 Travel 规则:一个无法实现的要求?

但是,当闪电节点受到监管时,这意味着什么?

核心问题是 Travel 规则。该规则目前正在世界上几乎每个司法管辖区实施,最近也在欧盟作为 MiCa 法规的一部分。Travel 规则要求服务提供商必须知道并存储每次付款的发送者和接收者的身份。

为此,提供商必须首先验证用户的身份。例如检查你的 ID,即 KYC(了解你的客户),长期以来它一直是许多服务提供商的标准,例如加密货币交易所或托管钱包。

对于 BlueWallet、LNBITs、Satoshi 钱包等钱包来说,这仍是一个巨大的挑战——也是人们的一个大惊喜。

但现在出现了 Travel 规则的棘手部分,服务提供商如何知道付款的收款人是谁?显而易见的答案是:他们会询问用户。但你怎么知道他们说的是真话?

对于链上交易,服务提供商对此有一定的方法,因为所有交易都是透明的。这并不完美,但应该足以使满足要求的可信度。然而,使用闪电网络,交易更加私密。这是有意和善意的,但从监管的角度来看,可能会变成特洛伊木马。闪电钱包很难(如果不是不可能的话)完全符合 Travel 规则。

但欧盟法规中的一段话拯救了受托人的钱包:对于 1000 欧元以下的交易,服务提供商没有义务检查用户提供的信息。由于闪电网络目前几乎无法传输更大的金额,这应该涵盖几乎所有的支付。

因此用户可以松一口气,这一份声明已经足够了。至少在一开始时,如果用户只是输入匿名并且希望能通过服务提供商的审查,不会有任何坏的后果。

对于专业节点来说,它变得更加棘手。他们通常不知道付款的来源和去向,甚至不知道以可靠的方式找出虚假名字背后的身份。

对他们来说,被归类为 VASP 可能成为生存的威胁,因为它对他们施加了他们甚至无法履行的规则。我们的分析结论此时达到谷底。

一个网络碎片

因此,我们有不同的参与者:

节点,这些节点要么是私人的、不受监管的,要么是专业的、受监管的。

受托和监管的钱包或非受托和不受监管的钱包。半托管钱包的情况尚不清楚。

在钱包和服务提供商层面,Travel 规则会让人不舒服但易于管理:钱包和交易所将验证其用户的身份并收集其交易伙伴的数据,但不会对其进行检查。

但是,Travel 规则在节点级别变得更加不愉快。他们不知道谁是交易的发送者或接收者,因此,他们缺乏收集 Travel 规则所需数据的方法。

唯一可行的方法是糟糕的:专业节点形成一个“网络中的网络”,只转发源自其他专业节点并流向其他专业节点的付款。

在这种情况下,闪电网络将支离破碎。但是其余的呢?

核心

其余的,即那些拒绝遵守法规的私人节点和钱包。

像 Electrum、Eclair 或 Lightning 这样的钱包对于存储比特币是没什么问题的,不存在监管它们的问题。

私人运营的节点确实有被归类为VASP的风险,但这是有疑问的,在紧急情况下可能可以通过取消收费来缓解。如果私人节点在Tor网络之外运作,监管机构将很难执行这些规则。欧盟将不得不无力地看着其规则被忽视。

即使以最严重的方式进行,闪电网络也很有可能在这样的监管“攻击”中幸存下来。真正的核心会在 Tor 网络或监管避风港内操作。

但是,普通用户不会对这个网络感兴趣。用户体验受到影响,因为你必须自己管理支付渠道,支付变得不可靠,因为缺少大型流动节点,你可能无法在交易所或商家处支付。

有时说,闪电必须能够为八十亿人服务。这不适用于构成核心的网络,因为只有一小部分人类甚至会对使用它感兴趣,可能远少于一百万人。

智能桥梁的重要性

到目前为止,前景是相当暗淡的。将 "闪电 "分割成一个受管制的和不受管制的网络几乎是不可避免的。

但有希望!这种希望主要基于 1undefined000 欧元的门槛,提供者不必检查收集的数据。它允许比特币在两个网络之间来回发送。没有什么可以阻止你从不受监管的私人钱包向受监管的钱包汇款。

可能的传输或检索数据的协议也会有所帮助。例如,免费的、不受监管的钱包可以整合选项,提供收件人和发件人的数据。然后,一项交易可以采取通过两个网络的路线来完成。

如果钱包是智能的,它们可以在信息归档后进行存储,并且——当我们使用时——像 PayPal 在付款时那样将信息传送给商家。智能钱包可以计算出一项付款是否也可以 "私下 "通过,或者如果通过它可以节省多少费用,即绕过 Travel 规则网络。

因此,闪电网络可以同时遵守和躲避监管。这还不是最糟糕的前景。

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