排排坐,7 大公链的去中心化程度各能得几分?

MarsBitPublished on 2024-02-22Last updated on 2024-06-28

Abstract

本文通过6个指标对BTC、ETH、SOL、XRP、ADA、AVAX和TRX进行去中心化评级,结果显示ETH和ADA最去中心化,XRP和TRX最中心化。研究使用简单模型衡量去中心化程度,ETH最高,SOL比BTC更去中心化。然而,没有一条链能在所有方面都占优势,需要综合多个维度来衡量去中心化。

什么是去中心化?我们又该如何真正衡量它?太多项目将中心化作为掩护来对自己的平庸心安理得,本篇文章我们将对 BTC、ETH、SOL、XRP、ADA、AVAX 和 TRX 进行真正的去中心化评级。
衡量去中心化的 6 个原则指标


首先,我们将先确定 6 个全面衡量去中心化的原则指标,分别为:验证节点去中心化、客户端去中心化、无需许可的设计、技术权衡、治理设计、政治权力下放。


1.验证节点去中心化


计算节点数量是没有意义的,因为没有针对节点垃圾邮件的防女巫攻击保护,重要的是唯一验证节点(参与区块生产的节点)的分布,因为无论是 PoW 还是 PoS,它们都参与其中。


2.客户端去中心化


借用民主制度的类比:


只有一种客户端类型的区块链网络相当于一党制,这意味着单一的客户端实现可以成为所有协议更改或升级的守门人,这也是使比特币如何被有效地控制住的方式之一。


3.无需许可的协议设计


无论某个区块链网络中有多少节点,只要协议设计中存在需要许可的元素,那去中心化就都属于表面文章,这包括任何依赖于任何形式的权威(许可)来运行的区块链——著名的例子是 Ripple 和 Algorand(Algorand 计划改变这一点)。


4.技术权衡


技术权衡这一类别着眼于对网络具有中心化影响的设计决策,这可能包括高准入门槛、高节点要求、MEV、委托 / 流动性池、PBS 等,在这些情况下,细节非常重要。


5.治理设计


链上治理设计对于实现任何形式的去中心化至关重要,但这常常被忽视,缺乏治理总是导致权力真空,最终吸引最糟糕的人,进而导致错误的决策和协议控制。


6.政治权力下放


政治权力下放所造成的影响是是人类本性中不可避免的一部分,所以我们需要分析有影响力的人物和派系,从技术上讲,如果创始人的个人崇拜占主导地位,那其他层面去中心化的区块链本质上仍然是中心化的。


7 大公链各能得几分?


接下来,我们将使用以上六个原则指标,每个维度 10 分,总分 60 分,分别对 BTC、ETH、SOL、XRP、ADA、AVAX 和 TRX 进行打分评级:


衡量 BTC 的去中心化程度


  1. 8/10;第二高的验证器数量;
  2. 1/10;Core 客户端主导;
  3. 10/10;没有需要许可的元素;
  4. 5/10;PoW,无本地委托;
  5. 0/10;无链上治理;
  6. 5/10; 巫师派正在壮大(Foresight News 注,支持在比特币区块链上铭刻 NFT 的人);



BTC 总分:29/60


衡量 ETH 的去中心化程度:


  1. 10/10;最多的验证节点数量;
  2. 10/10;最多样化的客户端生态系统;
  3. 10/10;没有需要许可的元素;
  4. 7/10; 没有本地委托;
  5. 0/10;无链上治理;
  6. 6/10;庞大的生态系统,众多不同的派别;



ETH 总分:43/60


衡量 SOL 的去中心化程度:


  1. 7/10;验证节点数量众多;
  2. 7/10;多元化的客户端生态系统;
  3. 10/10;没有需要许可的元素;
  4. 2/10;PoH,节点要求高;
  5. 3/10;计划进行链上治理计划;
  6. 3/10;大型生态系统,只有少数派别;



SOL 总分:32/60


衡量 XRP 的去中心化程度:


  1. 1/10;唯一验证节点数量较少;
  2. 0/10;单一客户端;
  3. 0/10;具有需要许可的元素;
  4. 3/10;使用验证节点列表;
  5. 0/10;没有链上治理的计划;
  6. 4/10;小型生态系统,但有强大的派系;



XRP 总得分:17/60


衡量 ADA 的去中心化程度:


  1. 7/10;验证节点数量多;
  2. 1/10;单一客户端;
  3. 10/10;没有需要许可的元素;
  4. 8/10;本地委托;
  5. 6/10;链上治理即将实施;
  6. 3/10;对 IOHK 的阻力不大(Foresight News 注,IOHK 是 Cardano 开发公司);



ADA 总分:35/60


衡量 AVAX 的去中心化程度:


  1. 5/10;唯一验证节点的数量一般;
  2. 1/10;单一客户端;
  3. 10/10;没有需要许可的元素;
  4. 8/10;本地委托;
  5. 8/10;有限的链上治理;
  6. 3/10;生态系统庞大,但派系较少;



AVAX 总分:35/60


衡量 TRX 的去中心化程度:


  1. 1/10; 唯一验证器数量较低;
  2. 1/10; 单一客户端;
  3. 10/10;没有需要许可的元素;
  4. 2/10;强制授权;
  5. 9/10;全面实施链上治理;
  6. 3/10;中等生态系统,创始人主导;



TRX 总分:26/60


这个衡量区块链网络去中心化程度的模型非常简化,在此前的研究中,Cyber Capital 曾使用超过 50 个参数来得出一个去中心化分数,并且还单独对因素进行加权,然而这个简单而有缺陷的模型,却也能够省去很多废话。


尽管这个模型很多地方较为简略,但我仍然坚持 ETH 现在是最去中心化的区块链这一论点,而 SOL 比 BTC 更加去中心化。


客观上的参数衡量胜过感情和邪教式思维,尽管这会让很多人感到不安,因为他们沉浸在完美去中心化的幻想中。事实上,去中心化是一个多方面的领域,没有一条链能够在所有方面都占上风。


总而言之,如果你认真对待去中心化,就需要综合多个维度来衡量它。

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