油价跌太快,美债却不信:市场正在错配两种风险

华尔街见闻Опубліковано о 2026-07-09Востаннє оновлено о 2026-07-09

Анотація

美国再次对伊朗发动军事打击,中东局势再度升温。与此同时,美国迅速撤销依据6月中旬美伊临时和平协议签发的、允许伊朗石油销售的关键豁免许可。受此影响,能源市场迅速反应。WTI原油涨幅一度逼近5.8%,布油最高触及76.36美元/桶。

油价急跌实为浮仓释放的过剩假象,美债利率坚挺则定价冲突成本,两大错位或将通过剧烈波动来修复。

7月7日,美国再次对伊朗发动军事打击,中东局势再度升温。与此同时,美国迅速撤销依据6月中旬美伊临时和平协议签发的、允许伊朗石油销售的关键豁免许可。受此影响,能源市场迅速反应。WTI原油涨幅一度逼近5.8%,布油最高触及76.36美元/桶。

然而,美债长端利率仅小幅波动,10年期美债收益率维持在4.51%附近。自今年2月底美伊冲突以来,10年期美债收益率与油价走势高度相关。但过去一个月,随着霍尔木兹海峡恢复通航,国际油价迅速回吐地缘风险溢价,美国1年期通胀互换利率已大幅降至2.11%的低位,10年期美债收益率却未随油价同步回落。

这意味着,当前市场至少存在两处值得关注的定价错位。其一,原油市场与利率市场对中东冲突持续性的预期已明显背离:前者认为地缘风险已基本出清,后者则认为美伊冲突的长期影响远未消散。

其二,原油市场已提前且过度定价供给过剩,布油期货进入升水结构。油价脱离基本面快速下挫,市场此前预期的“供应恢复缓慢”和“补库支撑”等利好均未在价格层面获得兑现。实物层面的供应链修复速度明显滞后于价格层面的调整,这意味着一旦供应链恢复不及预期或地缘风险再度升温,油价将面临向上修正的压力。

两大核心错位的显性化

这种脱钩表明,利率市场正在持续定价美伊冲突所带来的长期成本冲击,即实际利率的刚性上移,而并未充分计入能源市场短期供需修复。若这一错位持续,意味着美联储将维持相对鹰派的政策立场,对风险资产的估值中枢形成持续的压制。

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