Chainalysis:熊市对加密货币非法活动有何影响?

FОпубліковано о 2022-08-17Востаннє оновлено о 2022-08-17

Анотація

诈骗和暗网活动随市场下跌而减少,但黑客攻击和盗窃仍在增加。

2022 年对于加密市场而言,是动荡的一年,5 月和 6 月所有的加密货币价格都出现了大幅下跌。虽然我们无法确定是否已经触底,但截止 8 月初,比特币价格在 20000 和 24000 之间相对稳定。本文将要分析市场低迷对加密货币的非法活动的影响。

2022 年七月以来,合法和非法加密交易量都低于 2021 年同期的交易量。总体而言,当加密货币价格下跌时,犯罪活动比率更加具有弹性:非法交易量同比下降 15%,而合法交易量下降了 36%。数据无法说明全部情况,深入研究特定形式的加密货币犯罪,我们发现其中一些非法活动在 2022 年实际上有所增加,而另一些下降幅度则超过了整体市场。

2022 年减少的非法加密活动类型

2022 年的诈骗总收入目前为 16 亿美元,对比 2021 年 7 月底降低 65%,这种下降似乎与加密货币的价格下跌有关。

自 2022 年 1 月以来,诈骗收入的减少趋势与比特币价格的下跌趋势保持一致。正如我们在下表中看到的那样,不仅仅是诈骗收入下降,2022 年迄今为止,个人向诈骗地址转移的累计数量是过去四年来的最低水平。

这些数据表明,陷入加密货币骗局的人数比以往任何时候都少。造成这种情况的一个原因可能是资产价格的下跌。随着资产价格下跌,通常表现为巨大承诺回报的被动加密投资机会对潜在受害者的吸引力降低。另外在下跌市场中,更有可能陷入骗局的新用户、缺乏经验的用户也会减少。

同样重要的是要清晰诈骗收入通常是由大型异常值所驱动的,例如PlusToken,在 2019 年从受害者当中骗取超过 20 亿美元的资产;还有Finiko在 2021 年骗取超过 15 亿美元的资产。2022 年到目前为止,还没有发现任何诈骗金额接近二者的水平。

需要注意的是,Unique-exchange.co 和 PARAIBA.world 是由同一个骗子运营的具有不同钱包基础设施的互连服务。Paraiba 是一个多层次营销加密投资骗局,而 Unique-Exchange 是一个由同一集团运营和推广的加密货币交易所。我们将他们骗取的总价值合并为上图。

迄今为止,2022 年最大的骗局已经净赚了价值 2.73 亿美元的加密货币,仅占到 2021 年 7 月底 Finiko 骗局金额的 24%。然而也有可能在今年年底之前出现或发现异常值,并扭转目前看到的骗局收入下降的趋势。

暗网市场

2022 年暗网市场收入也明显下降,同 2021 年同期相比降低 43%。与诈骗不同的是,暗网市场并非全年都是如此,2022 年暗网市场 4 月份高于 2021 年 4 月份的收入,此后其增长率急剧下跌。这与 4 月 5 日Hydra Marketplace 的关闭和被制裁有关。该市场长期以来都是主要的暗网市场,不仅充当毒品销售的中心平台,还充当了黑客工具、被盗数据和洗钱服务的销售平台。

虽然 Hydra 关闭后暗网市场整体收入下降,但其余市场的个人转账数量显著增加。

这种增长有可能是 Hydra 供应商和客户将资金转移到了新的市场,以寻找替代品。尽管如此,暗网市场收入出现较大程度的下降。事实上随着执法部门打击加密犯罪的能力日益增强,其犯罪类型也有所减少,获得的加密货币价值出现下降。

2022 年增加的非法加密活动:黑客攻击和被盗资金

没有任何加密犯罪所得金额能够逆转 2022 年非法加密收入下跌的趋势,即使是不断增加的被盗资金。

截止到 2022 年 7 月,价值 19 亿美元的加密货币被黑客盗取,而 2021 年同一时间只有不到 12 亿美元。被盗金额的数量还处于增长趋势当中,8 月第一周Nomad 跨链前被盗 1.9 亿美元和多个 Solana 钱包共计 500 多万美元被盗。

从 2021 年开始,从 DeFi 协议中窃取的资金就在惊人增长。因为 DeFi 协议的代码开源,所以很容易被黑客寻找漏洞,DeFi 协议也因此特别容易受到黑客攻击。特别是如果 DeFi 协议进入市场后快速发展,就会成为黑客的攻击目标。此外朝鲜黑客与大多数 DeFi 协议攻击有关,尤其是像 Lazarus Group 这样的精英黑客组织。到 2022 年为止,我们估计与朝鲜有关联的黑客团体已从 DeFi 协议中窃取大约 10 亿美元的加密货币。

我们不应该期望加密盗窃会像诈骗一样随着市场走势而下降,只要 DeFi 协议和其他服务中持有的加密资产有价值且易受到攻击,黑客就会试图窃取他们。阻止黑客的唯一方法就是行业加强安全建设,并教育消费者如何寻找安全的投资项目。与此同时,执法部门必须继续提高加密犯罪破案率,将犯罪成本提高到黑客无法接受的程度。

犯罪率虽下降,但仍需警惕

没有人希望加密货币价格下降,但值得欣慰的是非法加密活动在下降,尽管下降幅度没有那么大。市场炒作的减少似乎意味着被骗子愚弄的人数也在减少,执法部门关闭 Hydra 市场也在一定程度上抑制了非法活动的发展。尽管如此,随着被盗资金的大量增加,公共和私营部门必须继续共同努力,并提高打击加密犯罪的能力。

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