鲍威尔最新讲话:就业下行风险增加,或将结束缩表

marsbitОпубліковано о 2025-10-14Востаннє оновлено о 2025-10-15

货币政策

北京时间周三(10月15日)凌晨,美联储主席鲍威尔在全美商业经济协会年会上的讲话中,就美国经济前景与货币政策走向释放了关键信号。

鲍威尔在讲话中深入阐释了美联储资产负债表的功能,回顾了其在疫情期间作为关键政策工具所发挥的作用。面对当前经济形势,他指出,尽管联邦政府停摆导致部分官方经济数据延迟发布,但基于现有信息判断,自9月货币政策会议以来,美国的就业市场与通胀前景并未发生显著变化。他特别强调,劳动力市场呈现“活力不足且略显疲软”的状态,其下行风险正在增加。

在货币政策方面,鲍威尔明确表示,未来的政策调整将严格依据最新的经济数据、前景评估以及风险平衡的变化来决定,而非遵循预设的路径。他首次明确指出,缩减资产负债表(缩表)的行动“可能在未来几个月内结束”,这表明美联储已开始为即将到来的政策转向做准备。

同时,他提及近期货币市场已出现流动性逐步收紧的迹象,例如回购利率上升以及在特定日期出现的临时性压力,但美联储将采取谨慎策略,以避免重现2019年式的市场波动。

鲍威尔总结道,应对疫情期间积累的经验表明,美联储未来在运用资产负债表这一工具时可以展现出更强的灵活性。其整体讲话基调被市场解读为偏向“鸽派”,强化了投资者对美联储可能在10月会议上再次降息的预期。

以下是鲍威尔讲稿中关于经济前景和货币政策的部分。

鲍威尔讲话节选翻译

最后,我将简要谈谈经济形势以及货币政策前景。虽然由于政府停摆,一些重要的官方数据被推迟发布,但我们仍在定期审阅大量来自公共和私营部门的数据,这些数据依然可获得。同时,我们还通过各地区联储维持着全国性的联系网络,从中获取宝贵的见解,这些内容将汇总于明天发布的《褐皮书》中。

根据目前掌握的数据,可以公平地说,就业和通胀前景与四周前我们九月会议时相比,似乎并未发生太大变化。然而,在政府停摆前公布的数据表明,经济活动的增长势头可能比预期更为稳健。

截至八月,失业率仍处于低位,但非农就业增速已明显放缓,这在一定程度上可能是由于移民减少和劳动参与率下降导致劳动力增长减弱所致。在这样一个活力减弱、略显疲软的劳动力市场中,就业的下行风险似乎有所上升。虽然九月的官方就业数据被推迟发布,但现有证据显示,裁员与招聘的水平仍处低位,居民对就业机会的感知以及企业对招聘难度的感知都在持续走低。

与此同时,八月的核心个人消费支出(PCE)同比通胀率为2.9%,较年初略有上升,主要原因是核心商品价格上涨速度超过了住房服务价格的持续降温。现有数据和调查显示,商品价格的上涨主要反映了关税的影响,而非更广泛的通胀压力。与这一现象一致,短期通胀预期今年总体有所上升,而大多数长期通胀预期指标仍与我们2%的目标保持一致。

就业下行风险的上升改变了我们对风险平衡的判断。因此,我们认为在九月会议上进一步采取行动、朝更中性的政策立场迈进是合适的。在兼顾就业与通胀目标的过程中,政策并不存在无风险的路径。这一挑战也体现在九月会议上各委员经济预测的分歧之中。

我再次强调,这些预测应被理解为一系列可能结果的范围,其概率会随着新信息的出现而不断变化,这也是我们在每次会议上动态制定政策的基础。我们将根据经济前景的发展及风险平衡情况来设定政策,而不是遵循预先设定的路径。

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