​​“蒙眼”降息?数据断供,美联储陷入史上最纠结时刻​

marsbitОпубліковано о 2025-10-08Востаннє оновлено о 2025-10-09

美联储最新公布的9月议息会议纪要显示,​​官员们在降息路径上存在显著分歧​​。尽管大多数官员支持年内进一步放松货币政策,但对降息速度和幅度的意见不一。 这一决策过程原本就充满挑战,而美国联邦政府自10月1日起的“停摆”更是雪上加霜,导致关键经济数据发布中断,美联储可能不得不在缺乏重要参考依据的情况下做出下一步决策。

内部意见分歧

9月16-17日的美联储政策会议决定将基准利率下调25个基点,至4.00%-4.25%区间,这是2025年来的​​首次降息​​。 会议纪要揭示了美联储内部存在的深刻分歧。略多于半数的官员预计年内还将至少进行两次降息,这意味着可能在10月和12月的会议上连续降息。然而,另有7名官员则认为今年不应再进一步降息。 甚至对于9月启动降息这件事,也有不同声音。部分官员认为上月无需降息,或本可支持维持利率不变。而唯一持反对票的是新任美联储理事斯蒂芬·米兰,他由特朗普任命,在会议当天上午才宣誓就职,主张更激进地降息50个基点。


政策权衡的两难境地

美联储官员们的分歧源于对经济风险的不同评估。多数官员认为​​就业市场下行风险的重要性已超过通胀担忧​​。 一些官员担心,维持当前利率水平过久可能导致劳动力市场出现不必要的疲软,尤其是在对利率变化敏感的住房领域。自9月会议以来,包括美联储副主席杰斐逊和理事鲍曼在内的多位官员均表示,劳动力市场走弱是进一步降息的理由。 另一方面,部分政策制定者对通胀问题保持高度警觉。通胀水平已连续四年高于美联储2%的目标,他们担忧企业与消费者可能逐渐习惯较高的价格增长,使通胀长期维持在3%左右。


数据缺失的挑战

降息

美联储面临的独特困境是​​政府停摆导致的经济数据真空​​。美国劳工部和商务部等数据机构已停止运作,既未发布也未收集任何数据。 如果“关门”状态持续到10月底,美联储官员们将在完全没有通胀、失业率和消费者支出等关键数据的情况下开会,决定是否继续降息。 被称为“美联储传声筒”的知名记者Nick Timiraos指出,当前官员们只能依赖私营部门数据或企业关于定价与招聘的零散信息,犹如在“黑暗中飞行”。


外部环境与市场预期

外部经济环境增加了决策的复杂性。​​特朗普实施的关税政策​​远超其第一任期水平,推高了制造商和小型企业成本。同时,更严格的移民限制可能通过减缓劳动力增长,进一步抑制就业增长步伐。 尽管面临内部分歧和数据缺失,投资者仍普遍预期美联储将在10月28-29日的会议上再次降息25个基点。

降息

据CME“美联储观察”数据显示,市场对10月降息的预期概率高达94.1%。 美联储主席鲍威尔试图在两种风险之间寻求平衡——一方面担心利率过高导致就业疲软,另一方面又担心降息过度令通胀回升。正如他上月所言:“​​双向风险意味着不存在无风险的路径​​”。


降息对比特币走势的潜在影响

从历史模式看,美联储降息对比特币价格的影响并非简单的“一降就涨”,而是呈现​​短期波动加剧、中长期偏利好​​的特点。

  • ​​短期影响​​:降息预期阶段比特币价格可能上涨,但降息落地后可能出现“买预期、卖事实”的调整。历史数据显示,2019年降息周期中,比特币在降息预期阶段上涨,但降息落地后反而下跌了30%才开始反弹。
  • ​​中长期影响​​:降息通常会提升全球市场流动性,降低资金成本,促使投资者转向高风险高收益资产。比特币被视为“数字黄金”,在通胀预期上升或法币贬值背景下,其抗通胀属性可能吸引更多资金流入。

当前市场普遍预期2025年美联储将降息75-100个基点,可能释放6-8万亿美元流动性。这一背景长期看可能对比特币价格形成支撑。

美联储主席鲍威尔正试图在利率过高导致就业疲软与利率过低助长通胀之间寻找平衡。面对内外双重压力,他的决策困境可想而知:“​​双向风险意味着不存在无风险的路径​​”。 10月底的议息会议将是对美联储决策能力的重大考验。如果政府停摆持续,美联储官员们将不得不在缺乏关键数据的情况下,依靠有限信息和各自对经济形势的判断做出决策,这可能会进一步加剧内部已有的分歧。

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