比特币最近的Op Return讨论和Bitcoin Core节点政策

金色财经Опубліковано о 2025-07-21Востаннє оновлено о 2025-07-21

最近比特币关于Op_Return输出讨论非常激烈,又激发了我的好奇心,我决定写一篇文章总结。其实这样的文章,主要是写给自己看,除非特别关心协议和技术,大家没必要浪费时间读。

甚至,现在AI这么强了,我觉得让chatgpt o3或者让gemini 2.5 pro deep research给各位写,要比我写的好太多。

在前几天,有一位朋友要做空Ordi,恰好是31 位 Core 贡献者联合发布《交易转发政策声明》的时间后。

我非常想告诉他这些关于Op_Return和往UTXO里塞数据的讨论,以及潜在的和铭文的关系。

但鉴于我对价格的预测真是烂到家了,我还是没说,不能影响别人发财啊。而且我真心觉得技术和价格现在是完全脱离了,没啥关系了。

一直以来,Core开发组,作为比特币的“官方”,对往比特币区块链上塞各种和比特币作为货币属性无关的数据,都是严防死守的。这个政策是从2014Op_return被引入Bitcoin开始,一直延续到最近的31Core贡献者联合声明之前,都是妥妥的严防死守。Core 一直对“非金融数据”抱持最小化立场:1)每笔交易最多 1  OP_RETURN2)单条数据不能超过 80 字节;3)允许节点用-datacarriersize 手动调大,b也就是这本质上不是共识规则。

一直以来,Core官方的态度和代码实践上都是严格限制“非金融”数据上链的。

但最近Bitcoin Core的代码仓库更新了对这些“非金融”数据的态度,一下子放开了对这些数据的限制,而且步子迈的特别大。

Core开发者 Peter Todd(这哥们现在到处称自己不是Core贡献者,只是研究者了,哈)在20254月份搞一个 PR #32359 “Remove arbitrary limits on OP_RETURN outputs”,提议:1

删除单条 80 字节和“单输出”检查;2)废弃 -datacarriersize 相关选项;3)其余 DoS 防护交由市场费用+带宽综合判断。

需要说明的是这个 PR 尚未合并进Bitcoin core主代码仓库,但 最近的31名开发者的联合声明等于给放宽政策背书,看起来要合并这个PR

另外,在20215BCH的升级是做了类似的规则更新,但这次BTC的规则更激进,BCH到现在为止在代码层次上还是限制单笔交易的op_return总字节尺寸不能超过223字节,在一笔bch交易里可以有多个op_return输出,但总字节数不能超过223字节。

BTC的这次PR是没有对Op_return在单笔交易的总字节量做出限制,但比特币的单笔交易有1M字节的限制,所以也可以认为单笔交易对Op_return的字节限制是1M

以上就是这一次Bitcoin Core节点软件在代码层面上对“非金融数据”上链的政策更改。

为什么会有这一更改?

从铭文在2022年火起来后,比特币区块链的总数据量(节点软件需要下载的文件总量)以及UTXO数量(节点软件里必须常驻内存的数据)都大规模膨胀。

下面是我使用chatgpt o3模型调研数据,并画出来的铭文火起来后比特币区块链数据膨胀的历史。

区块链总数据量从 ≈ 430 GB(2022-10)膨胀到 ≈ 665 GB(2025-06);

UTXO 集合一度冲到 1.88 亿条(2024-12),是 2022 年的两倍多;

(OP_RETURN 本身不进 UTXO,但碎片化 Taproot 输出会显著拉高。)

让比特币链上胖身材 + 多碎片同时出现,磁盘胀 60%UTXO  2 倍,这让很多开发者担心去中心化的成本了。

Core开发组从2022年以来,对铭文这些的应用就抱有非常大的敌意,强烈要求在规则层面进一步限制这些数据。Core开发者的主流观点是比特币区块链要去中心化,就要限制这些非金融数据,以让节点运行成本不会膨胀。

这里以Lukejr为代表,Lukejr自己开发的节点软件Knots就直接限制了对将数据塞进op_return的铭文类应用的交易的中继,就是Knote作为比特币的节点软件在收到铭文交易后是不转发的。

Op_return本身在比特币规则里是可以被节点软件裁剪的,也就是不具备区块链常见的数据永久保存的能力。

很多其他铭文类的应用,就担心自己的数据被比特币规则限制,使用了各种hack手段来设计协议,从利用Op_return,进化到了将数据塞进taproot脚本里,保存在交易的见证数据(witness)里。

在见证数据里,受益于segwit的手续费打折,以及见证数据区块的3M上限,让这些铭文类数据的矿工费又便宜,设计起来还比op_return还简单,并且受比特币协议保护,不会被裁剪。

这下就更惹火了Core开发组的很多开发者。

但除了少部分Core开发者,好像整个生态都挺欢迎这些铭文类应用的,包括矿工和交易所,都是明牌支持。

交易大量上架各种铭文类代币。

矿工甚至大量打包非标准脚本交易,以配合很多铭文类协议产生的更大更复杂的交易,这在实事上就突破了op_return数据的限制,因为本质上这种限制并不是共识层面的限制,只要有矿池打包了,其它矿池不会拒绝的。

上述两种情况,对比特币区块链数据的影响的区别是很大的。Op_return类数据和taproot脚本都会显著增加区块数据量,也会大量增加UTXO的数量。然而在完整节点运营视角来看,Op_return数据是可裁减的,但taproot脚本是不可裁减的。

这样的局势发展,大约是到了要倒逼协议做出变更了。

如果铭文类应用无法阻挡,那在协议层如果放开对Op_return数据的限制,给铭文类应用放开一个口子,引导它们使用Op_return,而不是taproot脚本,或许对比特币的节点运营来说是更友好的。

就让Core开发者产生了两派,少量的坚定认为应该在协议层堵死铭文类应用产生的“垃圾数据”,他们坚定认为铭文类应用就是对比特币发动的DDOS

而更多的开发者是觉得两权相害取其轻,引导数据往op_return发展,而不是可花费的脚本。

这就是,目前我看到的情况。

我觉得目前局势发展下去会产生什么结果呢?

Op_return数据的协议层更改,并不会产生比特币链的分裂,这是非共识层的。而且目前像Luke jr这样的强烈反对“非金融数据”上链的一方,采取的最极端的做法也仅仅是限制节点对铭文类交易的中继,而不是直接在协议里做设定其为非法。

所以这一次争议完全没有分裂的风险。

但我觉得Bitcoin core节点软件会朝着放宽Op_return数据限制方向发展。Luke jr这一派估计是要认了,按我读到的文章,Luke jr可是坚定的斗士,对自己的理念极其坚定,但这一次我觉得Luke jr要么做好长期战斗准备,要么认了。

铭文类,二层类应用,可能会迎来更友好的比特币底层协议开发环境。

但我对价格,是真不知道。

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