去伪存真,别再用“每日活跃地址”指标误导你的投研判断

链捕手Опубліковано о 2024-10-22Востаннє оновлено о 2024-10-22

作者:Donovan Choy

编译:深潮TechFlow

 

更好地使用区块链指标

区块链生成了大量的公共数据。在 Crypto Twitter 上,人们不断地将区块链 A 和区块链 B 进行比较,投资者、研究人员和意见领袖 (KOL) 在为他们的观点辩护时有很多指标可以参考。然而,错误使用这些数字往往会使人们对这个领域的理解变得模糊。

在今天的 0xResearch 文章中,我们将探讨三个指标及其存在的问题:活跃地址、区块链“盈利能力”和总价值保障。

活跃地址

“活跃地址”是指在某个协议上有多少活跃的、付费的用户。

“Facebook 拥有三十亿月活跃用户”是一个有用的信息,它告诉我们一些关于这个社交网络的情况。由于垃圾邮件发送者没有足够的盈利机会来泛滥 Facebook,活跃地址是评估该平台对消费者真正价值的一个不错方法。

但是对于区块链而言,由于创建新钱包非常容易,以及通过空投协议激励来获利的机会显而易见,活跃地址的价值就不那么大了。

例如,下图展示了一个明显的情况:Solana 在过去一个月中拥有最多的每日活跃地址,因此 Solana 看起来非常活跃。

来源: TokenTerminal

大多数 Solana 用户在去中心化交易所 (DEX) 上进行交易,因此我们需要仔细观察 DEX 上的活动。当我们深入研究 Solana 在其 DEX 上的活跃地址时发现,过去一天中,大多数地址——大约 340 万个,总计 440 万个——的交易量终生少于 10 美元。

这表明,由于 Solana 的交易费用,可能存在大量的垃圾或机器人活动,而不是大量的“优质”用户。

来源: Blockworks 研究

这是我之前提到的另一个例子:Celo L1(现在为 L2)在 9 月份时,其发送稳定币的每日活跃地址激增至 64.6 万。这一数字超过了 Tron,因此引起了 Vitalik Buterin 和 CoinDesk 的关注。

经过深入分析,Variant Fund 的数据分析师 Jack Hackworth 发现,其中 77% 的 Celo 地址转移的金额不到两美分,主要是因为成千上万的用户通过一个名为 GoodDollar 的普遍基本收入协议领取了微小金额的资金。在这两种情况下,活跃地址都显示了高使用率,但仔细分析后,这种说法并不成立。

想了解更多相关信息,可以参考 Dan Smith 的研究,他专注于每日活跃地址的误用问题。

区块链盈利能力

与其关注活跃地址来研究区块链活动,不如查看网络费用指标。费用反映了使用协议的总 gas 消耗,而不考虑“优质”用户的问题。

费用通常被分析师和投资者用来判断哪些区块链产生了最多的“收入”。然后,我们将区块链支付给验证者的代币发行视为成本。结果就是区块链的“盈利能力”。

这就是 Token Terminal 为加密协议生成“财务报表”的方式。例如,下面的图表显示,以太坊 L1 在过去两个月中积累了数百万美元的亏损。

来源:Token Terminal

唯一的问题是,这种计算没有考虑到一个关键因素:与 PoW 链(如比特币)不同,PoS 链上的用户也可以轻松获得代币发行奖励。

毕竟,如果我能从 Lido 或 Jito 等流动质押平台上获得 5% 的 ETH/SOL 质押收益,我为什么要在意网络是否“无利可图”?因此,将代币发行视为成本得出“以太坊无利可图”的结论是有问题的。

在现实世界中,通货膨胀是有害的,因为当中央银行大量印钞时,增加的货币供应在不同时间到达经济中的不同参与者,最先获得新货币的人在“真实”价格调整之前会受益。这就是所谓的坎蒂隆效应

在 PoS 区块链经济中,情况并非如此,因为通货膨胀(即代币发行)是所有人同时获得的。因此,没有人因此变得更富有或更贫穷——大家的财富保持不变。

相反,我们可以考虑使用真实经济价值 (REV) 这个替代指标。REV 将网络费用和给验证者的 MEV 小费结合在一起,但不把代币发行当作成本。

基于这一点,我们可以看到,以太坊在过去两个月实际上是盈利的:

来源:Blockworks 研究

REV 可以说是评估网络真实需求的更佳指标,也是与传统金融 (TradFi) 更具可比性的收入指标。

总而言之,传统的损益会计方式并不容易直接应用于区块链。

想了解这个复杂话题的更多信息,可以收听最近与 Jon Charbonneau 一起参与的 Bell Curve 播客。

总交易价值 (TTV),而不是总价值保障 (TVS)

Oracles 是区块链获取链外数据的关键基础设施。没有像 Chainlink 这样的 Oracles,区块链经济就无法可靠地反映现实世界的价格。

比较 Oracles 提供商市场份额的常用方法是使用“总价值保障” (TVS) 指标,它汇总了所有由 Oracles 保障的 TVL。DefiLlama 就是这样明确计算的:

来源: DefiLlama

TVS 的问题在于它掩盖了 Oracles 实际保障的活动。

例如,为高频交易产品(如永久合约交易所)提供支持的 Oracles 会以亚秒级的延迟不断从链外数据源“拉取”价格更新。

这与用于借贷协议的“推送式” Oracles 形成对比,后者每天只需在链上更新几次价格,因为不需要频繁更新。

TVS 关注的是 Oracles 管理的总价值,但忽略了 Oracles 提供商的性能强度。

换句话说,这就像说一份精致牛排和一份沙拉在菜单上都标价 50 美元,因此它们对食客的价值是相同的。但显然,制作牛排所需的工作远比制作简单沙拉要多,这是一个值得考虑的因素。

一种替代指标是总交易价值 (TTV),它考虑了使用 Oracle 更新定价的周期性交易量。

TTV 排除了低交易频率的应用,如借贷、CDP 和重新质押,但正如 Ryan Connor 所解释的,“只有 2-9% 的 Oracle 价格更新来自这些低频协议,在加密货币领域,这个比例很小,因为基本指标的波动性很大。”

当以 TTV 来评估 Oracles 时,市场份额会发生显著变化。

想了解更多,可以参考 Blockworks Research 关于 TTV 如何更好地反映 Oracles 基本面的报告。

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