如何搭建有效的链上治理机制:DoraHacks链上二次方治理与改进实例

Odaily星球日报Опубліковано о 2024-05-09Востаннє оновлено о 2024-05-09

Анотація

即使在复杂的治理场景中,创新的机制如链上二次方投票和 MACI 机制可以有效地平衡各方利益,保障项目的多样性与小团队的声音。

DoraHacks 作为全球最大的多链开发者激励平台和黑客松平台,每个月都需要向黑客马拉松和开源开发者社区分配数百万美金的资助。在这个过程中,治理是重要的一环。传统上,评奖方式大致分为两种:一种是依靠专业评委的评审决定奖项;另一种则是通过社区投票,最终按票数分配奖金。然而,前者可能与社区脱节,社区成员缺少参与感;后者或许会演变为一场简单的人气竞赛,忽略了项目本身的价值。

在寻求一种既能反映社区意愿,又能保证评选公正性的方法时,DoraHacks 将目光投向了链上二次方投票。这种方式允许投票者投出多于一票,但随着票数增加,每票的成本也会提高,类似于生活中阶梯式电价。这就意味着,如果一个项目尽管面向小众,但对某些社区成员意义重大,他们就可以选择投入更多,以换取项目更大的获胜机会。

开头的这个例子来自于 DoraHacks 在 2020 年年末的二次方投票实例 - ETH Hackathon@ Beijing 中 1.4 万美元的奖金池分配问题。此种投票方式不仅考量了投票数量,还包括了用于投票的 token 作为对项目的直接贡献,使得每个优秀项目都得到了一定比例的奖金,同时也收获了社区的额外捐赠。这次投票发生在当时的 BSC 链上。这一创举不但是在链上二次方投票的首次尝试,也是二次方投票首次被应用到线下区块链社区活动中。

此后,DoraHacks 团队不断在多链世界中推广二次方治理,并在 Solana、Aptos、TON、Cosmos Hub、Injective、Archway、Flow 等主流非 EVM 链上成功应用。2022 年,在 ETHDenver BUIDLathon 上,DoraHacks 支持了规模空前的线下二次方投票活动,并在随后的线上 BUIDLathon 中继续扩大了全球社区的参与。目前,作为支持生态最多的二次方治理平台与基建,DoraHacks 已支持了 32 个Web3生态进行链上二次方资助,总计超过 30 万社区成员参与其中。

如何搭建有效的链上治理机制:DoraHacks链上二次方治理与改进实例

二次方治理让广大的Web3社区成员参与到生态建设,也为各生态早期的公共物品发展提供了重要的启动资金和市场机会。为了帮助更多社区成员了解二次方治理的流程,支持生态中的优质项目,DoraHacks 近期启动了“投票社区激励池”机制(Community Incentive Fund),以各生态知名的 Memecoin 和 NFT 来激励社区成员积极参与投票。目前在 Injective Grant DAO 和 Aptos Grant DAO 两个二次方投票轮次中,投票者们将分别收到 Injective Quant($QUNT)和 Aptos Gui Inu($GUI)两大人气模因(Memecoin),另外还将利用设备无关量子随机数生成器选出幸运投票者获得稀有 NFT。通过 CIF,DoraHacks 将二次方资助和链上治理变成一个有趣的过程,改变了链上治理严肃的属性,为公共物品资助的发展提供了全新的方向。

让我们把话题转回到链上治理。即使走出Web3黑客松的视野,区块链世界本身也有非常多的治理场景,当然也就迫切需要一种更加民主高效的投票方式。DoraHacks 在探索中发现了链上二次方投票初期版本中许多亟待改进的地方,这些问题一些是区块链的特性带来的新问题,一些是民主治理机制的痼疾。经过长期的实践和探究,DoraHacks 团队提出了全面的解决方案各个击破了这些问题,上线了全新的二次方治理基础设施。

首先是区块链本身的特性带来的问题。第一,区块链钱包地址是极易获得的,这就使得链上投票中的女巫攻击成本极低。DoraHacks 针对此开发出了一套闭源反女巫攻击检查算法,在每次链上二次方投票后,一般会有 3-5 天的反女巫攻击检查期,被检测为“女巫”的投票地址将在奖金计算中被剔除权重(但是通过女巫地址进入的捐赠金额依旧会被视为给被投票项目的直接捐赠)。

第二,基于区块链的广播机制,链上活动是可以追溯、可验证的,虽然对于社区来说,更高的透明度可能意味着更高程度的民主,但也会更容易滋生共谋。例如,黑客松中的某个候选项目可以以某些奖励引导更多本来不熟悉这个项目的社区成员投票,事后再以链上投票记录为依据换取奖励;或者一些项目也可以通过实时分析链上投票情况,计算出对自己来说“最划算”的得票数。这一问题的最佳解法目前是“最小化抗共谋机制”(MACI),具体细节已在之前的文章中进行了介绍和分析,请看Pioneering Decentralized Governance: A Retrospective on DoraHacks' MACI/aMACI Study and Implementation

如何搭建有效的链上治理机制:DoraHacks链上二次方治理与改进实例

另一方面,民主投票本身依旧有许多等待解决的问题,其中最显著的问题就是一种新形式的“赢家通吃”。还是以黑客松为例,如果奖金池根据项目的得票数分配,即使是二次方投票这种抑制了“多数暴政”的机制,也存在一种极端的情况:如果项目 A 的得票数远远超过项目 B(比如说 10 万倍),那么 B 几乎无法从奖金池里分得奖金,而 A 则会拿走绝大部分的奖励。

DoraHacks 原创了“二次方累进税”机制(Quadratic Progressive Tax)。简单来说,PT 是一种奖金分配系数。尽管允许奖金池的分配中存在一定的贫富差距,这种差距是被 PT 系数严格限制的。例如,如果某个奖金池的 PT 系数为 10 ,则得票第一名的项目最多拿走的奖金不会超过最后一名的 10 倍。反过来说,也不再会有小团队颗粒无收的情况,因为最差也可以拿走相当于第一名 10% 的奖金。二次方累进税显著改善了早期二次方资助分配极其不均匀的问题,极大提高了二次方资助的公平性和有效性。

当然,二次方治理为多链治理模式提供了一种新选择。DoraHacks 在探索与优化更多有效的治理模式和治理科技上的创新是迅速的。通过有效的治理机制,优化资源分配,并为社区带来更多参与感和公平性。DoraHacks 的实践证明了,即使在复杂的治理场景中,创新的机制如链上二次方投票和 MACI 机制可以有效地平衡各方利益,保障项目的多样性与小团队的声音。这些探索不仅在追求技术与治理创新的道路上,DoraHacks 展现了未来区块链世界的可能性:一个更加民主、透明和包容的去中心化生态,以及一个更加有趣、充满活力的Web3发展路径。

相关阅读:

Quadratic Governance: What’s Working and What’s Not?

引领去中心化治理:DoraHacks 的 MACI、aMACI 实践回顾

What Will aMACI Unlock?

抵御量子攻击的密码协议金丝雀

How do hash-based post-quantum digital signatures work? (Part 1)

How do hash-based post-quantum digital signatures work? (Part 2)

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