USDe 绕开 GENIUS Act 收益禁令:合成美元如何成为加密最成功的灰色地带?

marsbit2026-06-17 tarihinde yayınlandı2026-06-17 tarihinde güncellendi

Özet

当美国《GENIUS法案》禁止支付型稳定币向持有者支付利息时,Ethena的合成美元稳定币USDe却利用监管定义上的空白,成功绕开了这一限制。USDe并非由法币或国债支持,其核心机制是通过接收加密资产作为抵押,并同时开设对冲的永续合约空头头寸,在维持美元价值稳定的同时,从该交易策略中获取收益(如正向的资金费率),并将收益分配给sUSDe质押者。 这一定位使其不被归类为《GENIUS法案》所监管的“支付型稳定币”,从而形成了一个监管缺口。USDe规模一度超过140亿美元,成为仅次于传统储备型稳定币的第三大美元计价加密资产。尽管其模型依赖市场条件(如长期正资金费率)并存在特定风险(如在极端市场压力下可能脱锚),但它仍吸引了包括大型资管公司在内的机构采用。 监管态度出现分歧:欧盟将其视为未注册证券予以限制,而美国机构资金则开始接纳。文章指出,核心问题在于USDe(一种衍生品策略代币)与USDC(传统储备型稳定币)虽然都被称为“稳定币”,但本质迥异。现行法律只规范了后者,却未对前者明确定义,这可能导致风险认知的混淆。未来的监管关键,在于是否会为“合成美元”这类新型工具专门划定边界。

撰文:Zennon Kapron,Forbes 特约撰稿人

编译:AididiaoJP,Foresight News

当国会起草 GENIUS Act 时,为稳定币划下了一条清晰红线:获许可的支付型稳定币发行人不得向持有人支付任何形式的利息或收益。这一条款(第 4(a)(11) 条)迫使 Circle 和 Coinbase 彻底调整 USDC 持有人赚取收益的方式。

而加密领域增长最快的收益美元——Ethena 的 USDe,却完全绕过了这一条款。

USDe 的核心机制与监管缺口

USDe 并不持有现金或国债。它是一种 delta-neutral 合成美元:协议收取加密抵押品,同时开出对冲的永续期货空头仓位,从而让美元价值保持相对稳定,同时从仓位中赚取收益。将 USDe 质押为 sUSDe,你就能获得这份收益。

由于其底层是对冲衍生品交易而非法币储备,USDe 并不符合支付型稳定币的法定定义。因此,GENIUS Act 中重塑 USDC 的那条禁令,对 USDe 完全不适用。

结果就是:一个监管缺口里躺着数十亿美元,而且还在持续增长,而政策讨论却仍停留在那些遵守新规则的稳定币上。

从边缘产品成长为前三

这并非边缘产品。2025 年 USDe 供应量峰值超过 140 亿美元,占整个稳定币市场约 5%,CoinDesk 当时已将其称为第三大美元计价加密资产。2025 年 10 月去杠杆后,供应量收缩至约 59 亿美元,目前仍维持在这一水平。

即使规模缩小,它仍是唯一一个非法币储备类却能排进前列的稳定币。其他同等规模的美元稳定币全部是持有现金和政府债券的储备币。而 USDe 本质上是一个交易策略,只是顺便铸造了一个代币。

2026 年 1 月,它与 Kraken 合作引入托管,并提供每周储备证明,进一步夯实了仅靠基差交易无法完全提供的信誉部分。

收益究竟从何而来

这份收益来自最古老的衍生品结构之一——现金与持有基差交易。当永续资金费率为正时,多头支付空头,USDe 的对冲空头仓位就能从中获利,再叠加抵押品的质押收益。

Ethena 将其描述为 delta 对冲衍生品产生的资金费率与基差利差;CoinDesk 则更直白:USDe 通过收割资金费率来产生收益。2026 年初,质押后的 sUSDe 年化收益率在 4% 左右。

这正是整个设计的法律核心:发行人没有在储备上支付利息(这是 GENIUS Act 禁止的)。而是一个策略在产生回报,代币只是将其传递出去——GENIUS Act 从未对此做出规定。

这一技术性区别,听起来细微,却构成了受监管产品与不受监管产品之间的全部界限。

GENIUS Act 未覆盖的定义

GENIUS Act 只监管支付型稳定币,要求 1:1 法币或国债储备,并强制月度披露。USDe 完全不符合这些要求,也从未试图符合。

Ethena 对美国市场的回应是推出第二个独立产品:USDtb ——与 Anchorage Digital 合作发行的法币支持稳定币,完全符合 GENIUS Act,主要由贝莱德代币化货币市场基金支持。

于是 Ethena 同时运行着两种美元:一种是合规的、不支付收益的支付型稳定币;另一种是支付收益的合成美元。

美国货币监理署(OCC)已注意到这一缺口。其 2026 年 3 月提案试图将收益禁令扩展至关联方和第三方,但即使如此,也主要是针对发行人通过侧门支付收益的情况。它显然无法覆盖「发行人不支付任何收益、回报完全来自市场」的工具。

要真正填补这一缺口,监管机构必须将合成美元定义为独立类别并加以监管,但目前华盛顿还没有人撰写这条规则。

基差交易的风险

该模型存在真实失效模式,在 USDe 再次扩张前值得明确指出:其策略高度依赖资金费率长期保持正值。

Ethena 自身数据显示,三年内有 17.5% 的日子以太坊头寸累计资金费率为负,最长负值持续 13 天,而最长正值持续 176 天。储备基金吸收了负收益期,因此质押者不会被扣费。

真正的危险在于:长时间负资金费率窗口与 DeFi 全网杠杆平仓同时发生。2025 年 10 月 10 日的市场闪崩就是一次考验,当时 USDe 短暂跌至 0.97 美元,几小时内即恢复。

储备型稳定币在托管银行或托管机构出问题时崩盘;合成美元则在拥挤交易平仓时崩盘——这是一种不同且更隐蔽的风险,而且无人犯错就会发生。

欧洲说不,美国机构说好

监管机构并未达成共识。德国 BaFin 迫使 Ethena 关闭本地实体,并禁止公开销售 USDe,理由是涉嫌销售未注册证券且无法满足 MiCA 储备要求。Ethena 成为第三个被欧盟排挤出的稳定币发行人。

而美国机构资金则走向了相反方向。2026 年 6 月,管理规模约 4800 亿美元的 Janus Henderson 与 Ethena 合作,将 USDe 用于国库现金管理,并将其代币化 AAA 信贷产品纳入 USDe 储备,同时计划在下半年推出受监管的交易所交易产品。

一个主要市场将这种合成美元视为未注册证券,另一个则将其接入半万亿美元资产管理公司的基础设施。两者不可能长期都正确。

基差交易美元的正面论点

最强牛市论点是:USDe 凭借实力赢得了现有规模。它在多个周期中维持了锚定,抵押品超额抵押且有外部证明,其支付的收益来自真实市场,而非发行人必须最终停止的补贴。

对带收益美元的需求不会因为国会希望它消失就消失,将这种需求推向海外或标签外也不会让它变得更安全。

问题不在于 USDe 是欺诈,而在于它与完全不像它的工具摆在一起销售,却共用「稳定币」这个名称,而法律已将其定义为其他东西。

把 USDe 和 USDC 视为可互换的持有人,实际上是在把衍生品仓位当作活期账户来定价。

GENIUS Act 只监管了其中一种,却对另一种不做定义,悄然助长了这种混淆,而不是澄清它。

GENIUS Act 明确了支付型稳定币是什么、不能做什么,却没有触及那些拒绝这一标签的工具。USDe 是其中最大的一个。美国监管机构接下来的开放问题是:下一条规则是否会为合成美元划定边界,还是收益将继续迁移到他们已划边界之外的任何地方?

Trend Kriptolar

İlgili Sorular

QUSDe 是如何绕开 GENIUS Act 中的收益禁令的?

AUSDe 的核心是一种基于加密抵押品和对冲衍生品交易的合成美元,而非持有现金或国债的储备型稳定币。由于它不符合 GENIUS Act 中关于“支付型稳定币”的法定定义(该法案仅针对持有法币或国债储备的稳定币),因此该法案禁止发行人向持有人支付利息或收益的规定对其不适用。USDe 的收益来自市场操作(如收取永续期货的资金费率),而非发行人主动支付,从而巧妙地避开了禁令。

QUSDe 产生收益的具体机制是什么?

AUSDe 的收益主要来源于两个部分:一是其建立的永续期货空头仓位在资金费率为正时,从多头支付中获得的收益;二是其持有的加密抵押品产生的质押收益。这种结合了现金与持有以及基差交易的策略,使得协议能够生成回报并将其通过质押 sUSDe 的形式分发给持有者,而无需发行人动用储备金支付利息。

Q文章提到 USDe 模型存在哪些主要风险?

AUSDe 模型的主要风险在于其对永续期货市场资金费率长期为正的依赖性。如果市场出现长时间的资金费率为负的情况,策略将产生亏损。此外,其特有的“挤兑”风险并非源于银行倒闭,而是来自于市场极端波动或去杠杆事件导致的对冲交易策略失效或抵押品价值剧烈波动。例如,2025年10月的市场闪崩就曾导致 USDe 短暂脱锚。

Q美国和欧洲监管机构对 USDe 这类合成美元的态度有何不同?

A美国和欧洲监管机构对 USDe 的态度存在显著分歧。欧洲方面,德国金融监管机构(BaFin)认为 USDe 涉嫌销售未注册证券且不符合 MiCA 法规的储备要求,因此禁止其在当地公开销售,并迫使 Ethena 关闭本地实体。而美国方面,尽管货币监理署(OCC)注意到了监管缺口并试图修补,但机构资金(如资产管理公司 Janus Henderson)却积极接纳 USDe,将其用于现金管理并计划推出相关受监管产品,显示出更为开放和实用的态度。

Q文章认为 GENIUS Act 在监管稳定币方面存在什么根本性的不足?

A文章指出,GENIUS Act 的根本性不足在于它只明确监管了传统的、由法币或国债支持的“支付型稳定币”,并禁止其支付收益,却未能将像 USDe 这样基于衍生品策略的“合成美元”纳入明确的监管范畴。这导致了一个监管缺口:USDe 虽然被市场视为一种稳定币,但因其技术定义不同而规避了现有法规。这不仅造成了监管套利,也使得普通用户在认知上将本质上风险不同的产品(如 USDe 和 USDC)混为一谈,而法律并未澄清这种混淆。

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