除 Tornado 被制裁外,监管大棒曾经如何挥舞?

白话区块链2022-08-17 tarihinde yayınlandı2022-08-17 tarihinde güncellendi

Özet

OFAC制裁 Tornado Cash之前,美国证券交易委员会(SEC)的身影就时常闪现在加密世界中,「SEC 在对未经适当授权提供数字货币销售的公司的诉讼中拥有稳固、近乎完美的记录,而且没有很多法律先例来赢得这场战斗」,这根监管大棒曾让不少加密项目方们吃尽苦头。

伴随着美国财政部外国资产控制办公室(OFAC)发布了针对 Tornado Cash(以太坊上的一个隐私协议,用来帮助各种加密资产进行流通)的制裁措施,Tornado Cash 最近俨然已经成为加密世界的争论核心,也在 DeFi 及整个 Web3 行业引发了一连串的争论与蝴蝶效应,甚至被视为 DeFi 监管的分水岭。

而在此之前,美国证券交易委员会(SEC)的身影就时常闪现在加密世界中,「SEC 在对未经适当授权提供数字货币销售的公司的诉讼中拥有稳固、近乎完美的记录,而且没有很多法律先例来赢得这场战斗」,这根监管大棒曾让不少加密项目方们吃尽苦头。

1. Telegram 的监管拉锯战

区块链世界向来缺乏真实的增量用户,这是公认的痛点和难点,正因如此,坐拥上亿活跃用户的全球最大加密通讯软件 Telegram 的区块链项目 TON(Telegram Open Network)可谓含着金汤匙出生,一推出就被视为「天王项目」,备受热捧:

2018 年,Telegram 宣布发行Token融资,预售Token很快便达 17 亿美元(根据销售条款,当 TON 区块链上线时,投资者方才会获得自己那部分权益的Token)。

未曾料想的是,原定 2019 年10月正式上线主网的 TON,却被 SEC 突然「喊停」——2019 年 10 月 11 日,SEC 向联邦法院提交诉状,称 Telegram 出售约 29 亿数字货币违反了 1933 年的《证券法》,要求对 Telegram 发出临时限制令,禁止他们将Token提供、出售、交付或者分发给任何人或者实体。

紧接着纽约法院南区地方法院便向 Telegram 公布了临时限制令,使得其Token分发并没有按计划进行,也正是从此时起,Telegram 开始陷入这场与 SEC 的诉讼风波。

随后针对 SEC 要求法院拒绝 Telegram 争取向非美国投资者出售Token的请求,Telegram 一直强调该裁决明确限制了美国联邦法律仅适用于「在国内交易平台上市的证券交易」和「其他证券的国内交易」的权限,因此 SEC 的禁令是没有根据的。

甚至 Telegram 区块链项目社区基金会一就度放出风声,「或通过「分叉」主网方式绕过 SEC 与美法院」,直到 2020 年 6 月份,这场旷日持久的监管拉锯战才以 Telegram 的最终妥协而落下帷幕:

‎Telegram 及其子公司同意支付 1850 万美元的民事罚款,并向投资者返还约 12.2 亿美元,以就该公司违反投资者保护法的指控达成和解。‎

2. 硬刚到底的 Ripple

当然,也有敢于和 SEC 硬刚到底甚至不落下风的存在—— Ripple。

2020 年 12 月 22 日,美国证券交易委员会(SEC)正式发布了针对 Ripple 及其创始人 Bradley Garlinghouse 和 Christian A.Larsen 的起诉书,称从 2013 年至今 Ripple 公司及其创始人出售 XRP 获利 13.8 亿美元,且没有登记他们对 XRP 的报价和销售,也没有获得任何注册豁免,违反了联邦证券法的注册规定。

从那时起,SEC 就一直指控 Ripple 出售其 XRP Token和未注册证券,然而 Ripple 一直在法庭上坚称其没有不当行为。

本来在去年 Gary Gensler 确认当选 SEC 主席后,Ripple 一度主动示好,认为可以以更开明的方式解决诉讼争端,但似乎 SEC 并未退步,Gary Gensler 更是态度较为强硬地称加密货币的众多领域均可能涉及了证券法,必须接受 SEC 的监管。

所以今年以来 Ripple 的态度愈加强硬,上半年 Ripple 首席执行官曾表示如果在 SEC 对该公司提起的诉讼中败诉,Ripple 可能会完全转移到美国以外的地方,甚至还称一旦与 SEC 的诉讼结束,Ripple 将探索首次公开募股(IPO)的可能性。

而 Ripple 最近也抓住了 SEC 的一个致命弱点:SEC 前金融司司长 Bill Hinman 于 2018 年的演讲中解释了比特币和以太坊并非证券,这使得 SEC 的陈述前后矛盾。

就在 8 月 15 日,美国地方法官 Netburn 批准了 Ripple 的动议,送达两份传票以验证七名美国证券交易委员会(SEC)官员的公开言论视频,并忽略 SEC 关于 Ripple 试图重新开启证据发现程序的指控。

这场 SEC 与 Ripple 激烈对决的诉讼大戏,预计也将持续下去。

3. EOS 和 Tezos 的「罚款突围」

但监管的「达摩克里斯之剑」却并非无解,在 SEC 的监管大棒之下,也是有项目能通过「折中」方式最终安稳逃过一劫的。

2019 年 9 月 23 日,SEC 与 Block.one 达成和解,Block.one 同意通过支付 2400 万美元(罚款额占其Token融资总额的 0.58%)的民事罚款来解决 SEC 对其进行未经注册的Token融资发行的指控,同时授予了其对未来业务的重要豁免权。

这不仅意味着 block.one 及 EOS 高悬的政策「达摩克里斯之剑」也暂时得以解除,更从另一个角度为一众陷入类似指控困境的项目提供了思路。

而当年 3月 23 日,另一个项目方 Tezos 也在长达两年的法庭之战后,选择以 2000 万美元解决面临的诉讼问题。

作为史上第一个、也是 EOS 之前规模最大的一次公开Token融资项目,Tezos 在 2017 年秋季通过了轰动一时的首次Token融资发行,实现了 2.32 亿美元的收入,也由此进入了 SEC 的视野,陷入了类似 Telegram 的监管拉锯战。

然而可能并非所有的Token融资项目都能够像 EOS 和 Tezos 一般用钱解决问题,毕竟 Block.one 和 EOS 举重若轻的 2400 万美元,甚至都高过绝大多数项目总共的Token融资额。

4. 小结

就目前来看,美国和欧洲这样的监管主体都在逐步收紧对稳定币和 DeFi 的监管力度,而美国在加密监管领域的发挥着主要影响力,项目方正在被动或主动地配合探寻创新与合规平衡的边界。

与此同时,以往「Token是否是证券」的争论的答案也似乎逐步呼之欲出——本月初,美国参议院农业委员会领导人 Debbie Stabenow 等人计划提出新的加密监管法案,将比特币、以太坊等加密货币现货置于美国商品期货交易委员会(CFTC)的监管之下。

这既意味着像比特币这样的加密货币的的商品属性在监管那里逐步得到强化确认,也等于在 SEC 之外,CFTC 等其他机构后续也会逐步扮演起监管主体的角色(当然,此前 CFTC 也曾对所谓违反衍生资产法的加密货币公司也采取过行动,例如 BitMEX、Tether 和 Bitfinex 等)。

总的来看,新事物诞生与发展的早期,野蛮生长难以避免,但随之的合规问题就会愈发凸显并成为至关紧要的生命线。

无论 DeFi 与 CeFi 是否做好了准备,对加密世界而言,这一天最终都会如期而至。

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