末日战车ETC涨势能否延续?

Muse Labs2022-08-08 tarihinde yayınlandı2022-08-08 tarihinde güncellendi

Özet

随着以太坊合并日期确定,Vitalik表态支持POW的矿工可转向ETC以及比特大陆声明对ETC生态构建的支持,ETC的价格应声上涨,相较7月份价格低点已上涨3倍有余。

Intro

随着以太坊合并日期确定,Vitalik表态支持POW的矿工可转向ETC以及比特大陆声明对ETC生态构建的支持,ETC的价格应声上涨,相较7月份价格低点已上涨3倍有余。ETC的上涨可以持续吗?以太坊合并是否将为ETC带来基本面上的改善?我们认为:

1)强大的以太坊生态在矿工和链上应用两端对ETC构成的绝对的压制,而这一情况在以太坊POS转型后将得到改善;ETC目前链上生态发展缓慢几近停滞,主要原因在于其机械坚持去中心化,同时租用以太坊矿机对其进行51%攻击成本极低。

2)ASIC矿机在以太坊合并后除了转向ETC与硬分叉以太坊之外别无选择,ASIC矿机进入为ETC带来了安全性提升,大幅提高51%算力攻击的难度,为ETC生态发展铺平了道路。

3)本文针对ETC价格与ASIC矿机算力、合并后矿工平均收益的关系进行敏感性分析,在ASIC矿机不关机的前提下,中性预期ETC价格为61.3美元,悲观预期ETC价格为23.3美元,乐观预期ETC价格达151.7美元。

4)以太坊经典目前基本没有链上生态,以太坊合并事件带来的有利影响仅为ETC链上生态发展的必要不充分条件,矿工与开发者属两个截然不同的群体,即使矿工有极强的意愿促进ETC生态发展,但这仍面临很大的不确定性,需密切关注后续的应用构建情况。

风险:ETC生态构建不及预期、以太坊硬分叉形成的POW链共识强于ETC从而继续对ETC形成压制。

#1

以太坊经典与以太坊的异同

以太坊经典机械坚持“法制”,极端强调不可篡改。2016年6月,THE DAO攻击事件导致以太坊硬分叉。当前的以太坊链即是通过硬分叉的方式恢复被黑客盗取ETH的分叉链,而当时约有10%的矿工反对硬分叉,认为其违背了区块链去中心化和不可篡改的精神,选择继续维持原链算力形成了目前的以太坊经典(ETC),两者分别代表不同的社区共识和价值观。以太坊经典极端机械的坚持“法制”也使得其遭受过不低于四次的51%攻击,数百万ETC被双花,很难吸引开发者构建链上生态。

以太坊经典坚持POW,发行总量固定,每500万区块减产20%。共识机制层面,以太坊经典坚持POW共识机制;货币政策层面,ETH发行总量不固定,无最大供应量限制,由供给(区块奖励)和销毁(EIP-1559)两方面共同决定,不同于此,ETC最大供应限制为2.1亿枚,同时据ECIP-1017规则,ETC每隔五百万个区块都将减产20%,每500万区块时间大约是2.38年。值得一提的是,ETH目前通胀率约0.4%,合并后更是确定性的进入通缩状态,而ETC目前每年的流通量增长率为5%。

以太坊经典与以太坊使用相同的算法与代码,功能基本相同,生态相去甚远。以太坊经典与以太坊均使用相同的EtHash算法,相同的EVM,链的性能与功能基本相同,但由于安全性问题、开发者分散与DeFi乐高带来的生态聚集效用使得目前以太坊经典链上仅存3款DApp,TVL仅约22.1万美元,不足以太坊的万分之一。产生这种现象的原因之一是以太坊对以太坊经典的压制。在安全性上,黑客租借2%-3%的以太坊算力即可对以太坊经典实施51%攻击,这极大的限制了以太坊经典链上TVL的增长,一旦链上承载资金增多使得发动51%攻击的获利高于算力租借成本,双花攻击将接踵而至。在网络效用上,以太坊经典与以太坊使用相同的EVM,拥有相同的性能,DeFi的组合性、应用的网络效用带来的生态聚集性使得开发者几乎不会选择以太坊经典作为底层公链。但随着以太坊POS的转型,以太坊与以太坊经典的差异性越来越大,以太坊经典受以太坊的压制将越来越小,这在某种意义上是以太坊合并事件为以太坊经典带来的基本面改善。

#2

从矿工挖矿成本提高推算ETC价格范围

目前以太坊ASIC矿机算力约150T,在以太坊合并后只能转向以太坊经典或继续硬分叉以太坊。目前以太坊全网算力约1000T,矿机形式主要为GPU,少部分为ASIC专业矿机,ASIC矿机占比约为10%-20%。GPU矿机除去用于以太坊挖矿外仍可选择去挖其他POW链如ANON、Scroll、Zcash等,亦可为Web3中间件协议提供高性能计算、渲染等服务等,而ASIC矿机在以太坊POS转型之后除去挖与以太坊哈希算法同源的以太坊经典之外别无选择。故而在中性假设下,假设ASIC矿机算力为150T(占比15%),1/2迁移至ETC,同时矿工收益变为目前的1/2,可推算满足条件的ETC币价为61.3美元。

在此需要注意的是,上述计算仅是从矿工成本角度提供参考,实际情况可能未必如此。从以往的经验看,由矿工迁移导致挖矿成本升高从而推升币价的逻辑是因果倒置的,因为在实际情况中往往是矿工逐利形成价格指导算力的逻辑,而非算力指导价格。但目前情况有所不同,ASIC矿机可选择范围极窄,迁移至ETC挖矿概率很高。定性来看,供给端挖矿成本提高有利于币价上涨,同时矿工群体也有动力联合开发者丰富ETC生态,改善其基本面情况。如在2022全球数字矿业峰会上,ANTPOOL宣布投资1000万美元支持ETC生态开放,比特大陆宣布接受ETC支付购买蚂蚁矿机,矿工群体或将持续支持ETC生态构建。

#3

什么因素阻碍了以太坊经典链上的生态构建?

51%攻击的潜在威胁是阻碍以太坊经典链上生态构建的重要因素,但这一情况或将在以太坊合并后改善。目前以太坊经典链上TVL约23万美元,据Nicehash数据,目前通过租用算力对ETC发动51%攻击的成本约为45万-70万美元。对以太坊经典发动51%攻击的成本如此之低,使得以太坊经典链上生态构建极难,TVL几乎不可能大规模增长,而这一情况在以太坊合并后将发生变化。ASIC矿机算力的切入将使得以太坊经典全网算力翻数倍到数十倍,黑客企图通过租用算力的方式对以太坊经典实施51%攻击的成本将大幅提高,以太坊经典的安全性也将较目前大幅提高,满足链上生态进一步丰富的必要条件。

以太坊经典开发者团队分散,缺乏如Vitalik的精神领袖与强共识。以太坊经典的精神极端去中心化,一定程度上不适合目前阶段的发展。缺乏“科层结构”的开发者团队导致链上生态开发进展缓慢,决策失灵,导致几乎没有相对成熟的项目部署到太坊经典生态。未来ETC生态的蓬勃发展需要强有力的领导和共识,矿工群体不具备该能力,但有意愿为开发者提供财务激励。当前开发人员流动性强,以太坊经典链上的开发人员数量、应用构建将成为重要观察指标。

#4

ETH硬分叉对ETC的影响

ETH硬分叉形成的ETH-POW将与ETC产生直接竞争关系。本次硬分叉产生的ETH-POW在共识机制、底层算法、基本功能等均与ETC相同,相当于目前以太坊的延续;但货币政策可能会进行调整,如宝二爷主导的POW硬分叉将取消EIP-1559以最大化矿工利益。目前对以太坊硬分叉的方案众说纷纭,不同矿工群体代表不同的利益,如果各团体不能凝聚共识,未来或将出现多条ETH-POW公链,进一步削弱竞争力。但存在微小的新分叉产生的ETH-POW公链超越ETC,继续对其形成压制的可能性。

ETH-POW硬分叉目前仅是矿工的利益驱动,缺乏中长期叙事或逻辑支撑。ETC与ETH是去中心化原教旨主义之争,BCH与BTC是大小区块发展路线之争;目前来看,矿工群体此次主导的ETH-POW硬分叉仅是为了让矿工有矿可挖,宣言矿工利益至上,然而链上生态才是决定公链价值之所在。当前主流ETH-POW并无中长期叙事逻辑,很难凝聚共识,但仍需观察后续发展。

回顾历史分叉,大多表现较差。回顾历史中发生的BTC分叉与ETH分叉,只有ETC的现价高于诞生之时的价格,其余分叉币大多在几个月的时间内达到最高价格然后一路下行,而当过去这一情况成为社区共识之时,“领提卖”似乎成了多数人的选择,这也将为当前的ETH-POW蒙上一层阴影。

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