美联储降息落地,日本央行继续按兵不动,机构对后市怎么看?

coinvoice2025-09-19 tarihinde yayınlandı2025-09-19 tarihinde güncellendi

作者:Zhou, ChainCatcher

 

时隔九个月,美联储再次按下降息键。

北京时间 9 18 日凌晨,FOMC 将联邦基金利率目标区间从4.25%4.50% 下调25bp4.00%4.25%,标志着 2025 年首次降息落地。

最新点阵图显示,官员预测中值指向年内再降 50bp。若后续两次会议各下调 25bp,联邦基金利率年末或落在 3.50%3.75% 区间。

鲍威尔在记者会上强调,本次行动属于风险管理式降息,目标是在复杂、双向风险并存的环境中降低失误概率;50bp 幅度未获广泛支持,不会采取快速动作。

他补充称,4 月以来的高通胀已出现缓解迹象,与劳动力市场降温、GDP 增速回落有关。近期通胀上行更多受到关税等因素扰动,更像一次性冲击,尚不足以构成持续性通胀的证据。

市场层面,美元获得支撑、黄金短线承压;华尔街成长股在前期大涨后出现获利回吐,“七巨头”股票篮子收跌,风格短线转向估值更低的板块;加密资产整体反应也较为平淡。

机构怎么解读本次降息?

国内券商方面。浙商证券认为,尽管点阵图仍留有空间,宽松预期存在回摆的可能,主要看美国经济核心动能与失业率稳定的影响。

中金提到降息门槛将越来越高,就业数据疲软与通胀升温并存将限制宽松空间;当前美国问题在于成本上升,过度宽松可能加剧通胀、带来“类滞胀”。民生宏观则表示降息是问题的开始,降息幅度加大可能引发通胀风险,降息不足则可能带来政治风险。

海外机构同样存在不同的声音。“美联储传声筒” Nick Timiraos 表示,这是鲍威尔领导下的美联储第三次在经济未面临明显下滑的情况下开始降息。但考虑到通胀形势更加棘手和政治因素(白宫的对抗性),2019 年和 2024 年的利害关系与现在有所不同。

惠誉美国经济研究主管 Olu Sonola 表示,美联储如今全力支持劳动力市场,明确释放出 2025 年将进入一个果断而激进的降息周期。信息非常清晰:增长和就业是首要任务,即便这意味着在短期内容忍更高的通胀。

贝莱德投资研究所主管 Jean Boivin 表示,美联储的降息前景很可能取决于劳动力市场是否保持足够疲软。他指出,鲍威尔称美联储最新降息是出于对就业市场疲软迹象加剧的“风险管理”,这可能意味着未来的政策行动将高度依赖数据表现。Boivin 认为,劳动力市场的进一步疲软将为美联储更多降息提供依据。

巴克莱经济学家指出,美联储利率路径的风险正倾向于推迟降息。他们在研究报告中表示,若 2026 年初通胀数据持续显示价格强劲上涨,或关税政策在失业率温和上升背景下推动非商品领域价格上涨,则可能出现这种情况。反之,若失业率突然飙升,FOMC 或采取更激进的降息措施。巴克莱预计,在 2026 FOMC 将维持利率不变,直到出现月度通胀数据放缓的迹象,并确信通胀正回归 2% 目标的轨道。

瑞银财富管理大中华区投资总监及亚太区宏观经济主管胡一帆表示,展望未来,基准情景下,美联储到 2026 年第一季度有望进一步降息 75 个基点。预计美联储将继续优先考虑劳动力市场的疲软,而不是通胀暂时上升的可能。在下行情景下,如果劳动力市场疲软被证明更严重或更持久,美联储可能会降息 200-300 个基点,利率可能低至 1-1.5%

机构对金融市场怎么看?

9 18 日早盘交易中,黄金期货一度下跌 1.1% ;美元在决议公布之初走弱,但随后迅速反转走高。三菱日联金融集团分析师 Soojin Kim 表示,投资者认为美联储的指引不如预期鸽派,鲍威尔主席强调了关税驱动的通胀风险,并表示将采取“逐次会议决策”的方式推进进一步降息,这推动美元走高。

荷兰国际集团的 Francesco Pesole 却表示,美联储周三的利率决议整体对美元构成利空,他认为美元融资成本的下降将进一步推动美元贬值。此外,欧元兑美元 (EUR/USD) 从周三创下的四年高位回落。Pesole 还指出,欧元可能重拾涨势,荷兰国际银行继续维持欧元兑美元第四季度升至 1.2 的目标位。

三菱日联美国宏观策略主管 George Goncalves 则表示,此次美联储的决定是最鸽派的表态,并在点阵图预期中增加了一次降息。他指出,美联储并未进入降息冲刺模式,而是重启降息进程,因就业市场表现不如预期。这也是风险资产反应平淡的原因。美联储可能在 10 月和 12 月各降 25 个基点,50 个基点的降息幅度不一定利好信贷。

摩根大通资产管理公司策略师 Kerry Craig 表示,美国降息可能对新兴市场资产构成支撑,并指出美联储 25 个基点的降息幅度符合市场普遍预期。他认为,利率下调意味着美元可能走弱,这有望提振新兴市场资产中的股票及本币债务表现。此外,美国经济衰退风险降低也意味着信贷市场将继续获得良好支撑。

欧洲数字财富管理公司 Moneyfarm 首席投资官 Richard Flax 表示,美联储降息可能提振风险资产的短期市场情绪,股市预计将受益。他指出,对于美国家庭和企业而言,本次降息能带来适度缓解,但更广泛的政策信号是保持谨慎而非转向快速宽松。

富兰克林邓普顿投资组合经理 Jack McIntyre 表示,美联储对 2026 年的政策观点存在显著分歧,这可能意味着明年金融市场将出现更多波动。他指出,本次降息属于风险管理式操作,表明美联储正更加关注劳动力市场疲软。投资策略师 Larry Hatheway 认为,尽管市场已消化美联储大幅宽松的预期,但投资者面临的挑战在于,美联储尚未愿意认可市场预期的未来低利率路径。

日本央行连续五次维持利率不变

9 19 日,日本央行的货币政策会议上以 7 2 的投票结果,将政策利率维持在 0.50% 不变,这是连续第五次决议按兵不动。

其中,两名审议委员(高田创、田村直树)主张将短期利率上调 25bp 0.75%,理由是价格上行风险增大、应让利率更接近中性水平。与此同时,日本央行披露了减持 ETF 的安排,计划每年出售约 3300 亿日元的 ETF,以进一步推进政策正常化框架。

物价与增长背景为本次稳住利率提供了依据。日本 8 月核心通胀为 2.7%(剔除生鲜食品),为 2024 11 月以来低位,并已连续第三个月回落,整体通胀同样降至 2.7%

市场即时反应偏“鹰中有稳”。美元兑日元在公告后一度下探至 147 附近,随后震荡;日经 225 盘中一度 -1.8%、跌破 45,000 点,东证指数下跌约 1% 3126.14。债券端,日本基准 10 年期国债收益率在央行提及减持 ETF 后上行约 3.5bp 1.63%,国债期货一度下挫 53 个点至 136.03

机构与交易员的解读分为两派。资本集团投资总监雨宫宏明(Hiroaki Amemiya)表示,日本央行维持利率不变凸显其在通胀放缓与全球不确定性下的谨慎立场——其优先考虑稳定,而非过早收紧。通过保留政策的灵活性,日本央行释放出信号,即其随时准备应对外部波动,同时继续评估日本经济复苏的力度。当前策略更多是支持再通胀周期的早期阶段,而非逆转方向。

日本三井住友银行分析师 Hirofumi Suzuki 则表示,这一结果出乎意料。尽管市场普遍预期日本央行将简单维持不变,但启动 ETF 出售计划加上两位委员对维持政策不变投下反对票(即支持加息 25 个基点),使得本次会议结果呈现鹰派倾向。从时间表来看,即便面临 10 4 日自民党领导层选举等事件,日本央行仍释放出稳步推进政策正常化的信号。预计 10 月或将迎来再次加息。

此外,Pepperstone Chris Weston 撰文指出,日本首相石破茂的离职使焦点转向其继任者,以及这对政治稳定可能意味着什么。市场将权衡新领导层下额外财政措施和预算的程度,财政刺激的程度对于控制长期日本国债的上涨至关重要。

他表示,这些进展可能被视为将日本央行下一次 25 个基点的加息推迟到 2026 年的又一个理由。这一预期已在市场中体现,掉期交易员预计到 12 月仅加息 12 个基点,Weston 指出这是目前很少有人愿意持有日元的又一个原因。他预计日元在亚市的疲软将变得普遍。

市场分析称,围绕潜在通胀这一定义含糊的指标的争议在升温,部分委员主张淡化这一表述、更聚焦整体通胀与工资,为最早 10 月的再度加息铺路。星展银行(DBS)经济团队预计,日本第二季度 GDP 环比增速可能徘徊在 0% 左右。他们预测,经季度季节性调整后的年化增长率将温和上升 0.2%,刚好足以抵消第一季度的收缩。第二季度出口势头减弱,受到对美出口下降和海外需求疲软的影响。


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来源: ChainCatcher

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