Galaxy Digital 研报:稳定币、DeFi 和信用创造

深潮2025-07-11 tarihinde yayınlandı2025-07-11 tarihinde güncellendi

稳定币供应量增长不仅仅是数字的增长,而是一场从新兴市场银行存款向美国国债和全球系统重要银行的大规模资金迁徙。

作者:William Nuelle

编译:深潮TechFlow

在全球稳定币资产规模经历了18个月的大幅回落之后,稳定币的采用正在重新加速。Galaxy Ventures认为,稳定币的重新加速主要有三个长期驱动因素:(i) 稳定币作为储蓄工具的采用;(ii) 稳定币作为支付工具的采用;以及(iii) DeFi作为高于市场收益的来源,这吸收了数字美元。因此,稳定币的供应量目前正处于快速增长阶段,到2025年底将达到3000亿美元,到2030年最终将达到1万亿美元。

稳定币资产管理规模增长至1万亿美元,将为金融市场带来新的机遇,也会带来新的转变。一些转变目前我们可以预测,例如新兴市场的银行存款即将转向发达市场,区域性银行将转向全球系统的重要银行(GSIB)。然而,还有一些变化是我们目前无法预见的。稳定币和DeFi是基础,而非边缘创新,它们未来可能会以全新的方式从根本上改变信贷中介。

推动采用的三大趋势:储蓄、支付和 DeFi 收益

三种相邻的趋势正在推动稳定币的采用:将其用作储蓄工具,将其用作支付工具,以及将其用作高于市场收益的来源。

趋势一:稳定币作为储蓄工具

稳定币正日益被用作储蓄工具,尤其是在新兴市场 (EM)。在阿根廷、土耳其和尼日利亚等经济体,其本国货币结构性疲软,通胀压力和货币贬值导致对美元产生有机需求。历史上,正如国际货币基金组织 (IMF) 所述,美元在许多新兴市场的流通渠道受到限制,并已成为金融压力的根源。阿根廷的资本管制措施 (Cepo Cambiario) 进一步限制了美元的流通。

稳定币绕过了这些限制,让个人和企业能够通过互联网轻松直接地获得美元支持的流动性。消费者偏好调查显示,获取美元是新兴市场用户使用加密货币的首要原因之一。Castle Island Ventures 进行的一项研究表明,排名前五的用例中有两个是“用美元储蓄”和“将我的当地货币兑换成美元”,分别有 47% 和 39% 的用户将此作为使用稳定币的原因。

虽然我们很难了解新兴市场基于稳定币的储蓄规模,但我们知道这一趋势正在快速增长。像 Rain(投资组合公司)、Reap、RedotPay(投资组合公司)、GnosisPay 和 Exa 这样的稳定币结算卡业务都顺应了这一趋势,让消费者可以通过 Visa 和 Mastercard 网络在当地商户消费储蓄。

具体到阿根廷市场,金融科技/加密应用程序 Lemoncash 在其2024 年加密报告中表示,其 1.25 亿美元的“存款”占阿根廷中心化加密应用程序市场份额的 30%,仅次于币安的 34%,并击败了 Belo、Bitso 和 Prex。这个数字意味着阿根廷加密应用程序的资产管理规模 (AUM) 为 4.17 亿美元,但阿根廷真正的稳定币资产管理规模可能至少是 MetaMask 和 Phantom 等非托管钱包中稳定币余额的 2-3 倍。虽然这些金额看起来很小,但 4.16 亿美元占阿根廷 M1 货币供应量的 1.1%,10 亿美元占 2.6%,并且还在增长。然后考虑到阿根廷只是这种全球现象适用的新兴市场经济体之一。新兴市场消费者对稳定币的需求可能会在各个市场之间横向扩展。

趋势二:稳定币作为支付工具

稳定币也已成为一种可行的替代支付方式,尤其是在跨境用例方面与SWIFT展开竞争。国内支付系统往往在国内实时运行,但与需要超过1个工作日的传统跨境交易相比,稳定币具有明确的价值主张。正如Simon Taylor在其文章中所指出的,随着时间的推移,稳定币的功能可能更像是一个连接支付系统的元平台。

Artemis 发布了一份报告,显示 B2B 支付用例在接受调查的 31 家公司中贡献了 30 亿美元的月支付额(年化 360 亿美元)。通过与处理大部分此类支付流程的托管机构的沟通,Galaxy 认为,在所有非加密货币市场参与者中,这一数字年化超过 1000 亿美元。

至关重要的是,Artemis 的报告发现,2024 年 2 月至 2025 年 2 月期间,B2B 支付额同比增长了 4 倍,证明了持续增长的 AUM 所需的规模增长。目前尚未对稳定币的货币流通速度进行研究,因此我们无法将总支付额与 AUM 数据联系起来,但支付额的增长率表明,由于这一趋势,AUM 也相应增长。

趋势三:DeFi 成为高于市场收益的来源

最后,在过去五年的大部分时间里,DeFi 一直产生着结构性高于市场美元计价收益率的收益,让拥有良好技术水平的消费者能够以极低的风险获得 5% 至 10% 的回报。这已经并将继续推动稳定币的普及。

DeFi 本身就是一个资本生态系统,其显著特征之一是 Aave 和 Maker 等底层“无风险”利率反映了更广泛的加密资本市场。我在 2021 年的论文《DeFi 的无风险利率》中指出,Aave(深潮注:一个开源、去中心化的借贷协议,允许用户存入加密资产以赚取利息,或借入资产)、Compound(深潮注:DeFi借贷协议之一,采用算法自动调整利率的机制) 和 Maker(深潮注:最早的DeFi项目之一,核心产品是DAI稳定币,这是一种与美元保持1:1锚定的去中心化稳定币) 的供应利率对基础交易和其他杠杆需求具有反应性。随着新的交易或机会出现——例如 2020 年 Yearn 或 Compound 上的收益耕作、2021 年的基础交易或 2024 年的 Ethena——由于消费者需要担保贷款来配置新项目和用途,DeFi 的基础收益率随之上涨。只要区块链继续产生新的想法,DeFi 的基础收益率应该会严格超过美国国债收益率(尤其是在推出提供基础层收益率的代币化货币市场基金的情况下)。

由于 DeFi 的“母语”是稳定币而非美元,任何试图提供低成本美元资本来满足这一特定微型市场需求的“套利”行为,都会产生扩大稳定币供应量的效应。缩小 Aave 与美国国债之间的利差需要稳定币向 DeFi 领域扩张。正如预期,Aave 与美国国债之间利差为正的时期,总锁定价值 (TVL) 会增长,而利差为负的时期,TVL 会下降(呈正相关):

银行存款问题

Galaxy认为,长期采用稳定币进行储蓄、支付和获取收益是大趋势。稳定币的采用可能会使传统银行脱媒化,因为它允许消费者无需依赖银行基础设施即可直接访问以美元计价的储蓄账户和跨境支付,从而减少传统银行用于刺激信贷创造和产生净息差的存款基础。

银行存款替代

对于稳定币而言,历史模型是,每1美元实际上相当于0.80美元的国库券和0.20美元的稳定币发行方银行账户存款。目前,Circle拥有80亿美元现金(0.125美元),530亿美元超短期美国国债(UST)或国债回购协议(0.875美元),而USDC则为610亿美元。(我们稍后会讨论回购)Circle的现金存款主要存放在纽约梅隆银行,此外还有纽约社区银行、Cross River银行和其他领先的美国金融机构。

现在在你的脑海里想象一下那位阿根廷用户。该用户在阿根廷最大的银行——阿根廷国家银行(BNA)存有价值 20,000 美元的阿根廷比索。为了避免阿根廷比索(ARS)的通货膨胀,用户决定增持 20,000 美元的 USDC。(由于 ARS 处置的具体机制可能会对美元兑 ARS 汇率产生影响,因此值得单独考虑) 现在,有了 USDC,该用户在 BNA 的 20,000 美元阿根廷比索实际上是 17,500 美元的美国政府短期贷款或回购协议,以及 2,500 美元的银行存款,这些存款分别存放在纽约梅隆银行、纽约商业银行和 Cross River 银行之间。

随着消费者和企业将储蓄从传统银行账户转移到 USDC 或 USDT 等稳定币账户,他们实际上是将存款从地区/商业银行转移到美国国债以及主要金融机构的存款。其影响深远:虽然消费者通过持有稳定币(以及通过 Rain 和 RedotPay 等银行卡集成)维持以美元计价的购买力,但支持这些代币的实际银行存款和国债将变得更加集中,而不是分散在传统银行体系中,从而减少了商业银行和地区银行可用于放贷的存款基础,同时使稳定币发行者成为政府债务市场的重要参与者。

强制信贷紧缩

银行存款的关键社会功能之一是向经济放贷。部分准备金制度——银行创造货币的做法——允许银行放贷出相当于其存款基数的数倍。一个地区的总乘数取决于当地银行监管、外汇和储备波动性以及当地贷款机会的质量等因素。M1 / M0 比率(银行创造的货币除以央行储备和现金)告诉我们一个银行体系的“货币乘数”:

继续以阿根廷为例,将 2 万美元存款转换为 USDC,会将阿根廷当地 2.4 万美元的信贷创造转化为 1.75 万美元的 UST/回购债券和 8,250 美元的美国信贷创造(2,500 美元 x 3.3 倍的积) 。当 M1 供应量占比 1% 时,这种影响难以察觉,但当 M1 供应量占比 10% 时,这种影响可能会被察觉。到某个时候,地区银行监管机构将被迫考虑关闭这个水龙头,以免信贷创造和金融稳定受到破坏。

对美国政府的信贷过度分配

对美国政府来说,这无疑是个好消息。目前,稳定币发行机构已是美国国债第十二大买家,且其资产管理规模正以稳定币资产管理规模的速度增长。在不久的将来,稳定币或将成为美国国债(UST)的前五大买家之一。

类似《天才法案》的新提案要求所有国库券支持要么以国库券回购协议的形式,要么以期限少于90天的短期国债的形式。这两种方式都将大幅提升美国金融体系关键环节的流动性。

当规模足够大时(例如 1 万亿美元),这可能会对收益率曲线产生重大影响,因为 90 天以下的美国国债将拥有一个对价格不敏感的大型买家,从而扭曲美国政府融资所依赖的利率曲线。话虽如此,国债回购 (Repo) 实际上并没有增加对短期美国国债的需求;它只是为有担保的隔夜借款提供了可用的流动性池。回购市场的流动性主要由美国主要银行、对冲基金、养老基金和资产管理公司借入。例如,Circle 实际上将其大部分储备用于以美国国库券为抵押品的隔夜贷款。这个市场的规模为 4 万亿美元,因此即使分配给回购的稳定币储备为 5000 亿美元,稳定币也是一个重要的参与者。所有这些流向美国国债和美国银行借款的流动性都使美国资本市场受益,而全球市场则受损。

一种假设是,随着稳定币的价值增长到超过1万亿美元,发行人将被迫复制银行贷款组合,包括商业信贷和抵押贷款支持证券的组合,以避免过度依赖任何一种金融产品。鉴于《GENIUS法案》为银行发行“代币化存款”提供了途径,这种结果可能是不可避免的。

新的资产管理渠道

这一切都创造了一个激动人心的全新资产管理渠道。从很多方面来看,这一趋势与巴塞尔协议III(该协议限制了金融危机后银行贷款的范围和杠杆率)之后正在进行的从银行贷款向非银行金融机构(NBFI)贷款的转型如出一辙。

稳定币从银行系统中吸走资金,实际上也从银行系统中的特定领域(例如新兴市场银行和发达市场区域性银行)吸走资金。正如 Galaxy 的《加密货币借贷报告》所述,我们已经看到 Tether 作为非银行贷款机构(超越美国国债)的崛起其他稳定币发行机构也可能随着时间的推移成为同样重要的贷款机构。如果稳定币发行机构决定将信贷投资外包给专业公司,它们将立即成为大型基金的 LP,并开辟新的资产配置渠道(例如保险公司)。黑石、阿波罗、KKR 和贝莱德等大型资产管理公司在从银行贷款向非银行金融机构贷款转型的背景下实现了规模扩张。

链上收益率的有效前沿

最后,可供借贷的不仅仅是基础银行存款。每一种稳定币既是对基础美元的债权,也是链上价值单位本身。USDC 可以在链上借贷,消费者将需要以 USDC 计价的收益,例如 Aave-USDC、Morpho-USDC、Ethena USDe、Maker 的 sUSDS、Superform 的 superUSDC 等等。

“金库”将以诱人的收益率为消费者提供链上收益机会,从而开辟另一个资产管理渠道。我们认为,2024 年,投资组合公司 Ethena 通过将基差(深潮注:某种商品于某一特定的时间和地点下,现货价格与期货价格之间的差异)交易接入 USDe,开启了以美元计价的链上收益的“奥弗顿之窗(深潮注:描述在特定时间点,公众认为可接受的政策或想法的范围)”。未来将出现新的金库,追踪不同的链上和链下投资策略,这些策略将在 MetaMask、Phantom、RedotPay、DolarApp、DeBlock 等应用中争夺 USDC/T 持仓。随后,我们将创建一个“链上收益的有效前沿(深潮注:帮助投资者在风险和收益之间找到最佳平衡点)”,并且不难想象,其中一些链上金库将专门为阿根廷和土耳其等地区提供信贷,而这些地区的银行正面临大规模丧失这种能力的风险:

结论

稳定币、DeFi 和传统金融的融合不仅代表着一场技术革新,更标志着全球信贷中介的重构,这反映并加速了 2008 年后从银行向非银行贷款的转变。到 2030 年,稳定币的资产管理规模将接近 1 万亿美元,这得益于其在新兴市场作为储蓄工具的应用、高效的跨境支付渠道以及高于市场的 DeFi 收益率。稳定币将系统性地抽走传统银行的存款,并将资产集中到美国国债和美国主要金融机构。

这种转变既带来了机遇,也带来了风险:稳定币发行者将成为政府债务市场的重要参与者,并可能成为新的信贷中介机构;而区域性银行(尤其是在新兴市场)则面临信贷紧缩,因为存款将转移到稳定币账户。最终的结果是一种新的资产管理和银行模式,其中稳定币将成为通往高效数字美元投资前沿的桥梁。正如影子银行填补了金融危机后受监管银行留下的空白一样,稳定币和DeFi协议正在将自己定位为数字时代占主导地位的信贷中介机构,这将对货币政策、金融稳定和全球金融的未来架构产生深远影响。

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Just now, the world's first human vs. robot tennis match began, featuring stunning robotic saves that left tennis star Zheng Jie in awe. This historic event, part of the second World Humanoid Robot Games and broadcast live globally by China Media Group, marked a pivotal moment in Chinese technological innovation and embodied artificial intelligence. The match featured both mixed human-robot doubles and a groundbreaking singles match between Zheng Jie and the "Galaxy Xingzai" humanoid robot developed by Galaxy General. The robot demonstrated impressive skills including serving, forehands, backhands, and strategic court movement, with serves exceeding 100 km/h. It exhibited remarkable adaptability, recovering from a fall to continue play and handling slices and spins. The doubles match highlighted its ability to coordinate dynamically with a human partner. The event's significance extends far beyond a novelty match. Tennis represents an ultimate pressure test for embodied AI, demanding real-time integration of perception, decision-making, full-body motion control, and live博弈 within fractions of a second—a stark contrast to the discrete, contemplative environment of board games like Go mastered by AlphaGo. It directly confronts Moravec's paradox, showcasing AI's move from digital cognition to physical execution. This capability is powered by Galaxy General's proprietary "Galaxy Star Brain" (AstraBrain) model. Its key innovation is a unified architecture that integrates high-level task understanding/tactical decision-making ("brain") and dynamic whole-body motion control ("cerebellum") into a single model, eliminating latency and information loss between separate modules. The model was trained using a two-step process via the "Galaxy Star Workshop" platform. First, it learned foundational movement priors from "imperfect" human motion data (both amateur and professional). Second, it underwent massive-scale evolution in a virtual tennis simulator where multiple AI agents played millions of games against each other. Through this adversarial training, skills like极限救球and recovery from falls emerged autonomously without explicit programming, before being transferred to the physical robot. This "AstraTennis" moment symbolizes a major leap: a decade after AlphaGo conquered the digital world, embodied AI from China has now demonstrated it can operate under the extreme, unpredictable physical pressures of real-world competition.

marsbit1 saat önce

Just Now, The World's First Human vs. Robot Tennis Match Begins, Robot's Desperate Save Leaves Zheng Jie Astonished

marsbit1 saat önce

The Biggest Dark Horse in AI Payments Might Be Coinbase Giving Agents a Wallet

In the AI payments race, while most focus on traditional giants like Visa or AI platforms like OpenAI, Coinbase has quietly emerged as a key player. Data from 2026 shows over 90% of on-chain Agent transactions occur on Coinbase's Base network, with 99% settled in USDC and over 97% using the x402 protocol. Coinbase's pivotal move was launching "Agentic Wallets" in February 2026—a dedicated wallet infrastructure giving AI Agents their own financial identity. Unlike Visa or Stripe, which connect Agents to existing payment rails, Coinbase provides Agents with autonomous wallets to hold assets (like stablecoins), initiate transfers, and execute transactions under predefined rules. This solves core issues for machine-to-machine payments: high credit card fees for micropayments, the need for constant human authorization, and unclear transaction attribution. Coinbase's strength lies in its closed-loop ecosystem: the Base blockchain (low-cost, high-throughput), the x402 payment protocol, Agentic Wallets, and native assets like USDC. This integrated stack, built through years of infrastructure investment, positioned Coinbase to capture early Agent payment demand as the AI economy surged. The key insight is that AI payment adoption may depend less on whose standard wins and more on whose usable infrastructure is ready first. While debates over protocols and payment rails continue, real Agent transactions are already flowing—primarily through Coinbase's ecosystem. It may not be the ultimate winner, but for now, it's the frontrunner by being prepared.

marsbit2 saat önce

The Biggest Dark Horse in AI Payments Might Be Coinbase Giving Agents a Wallet

marsbit2 saat önce

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