国家金融与发展实验室副主任:人民币稳定币发展模式可“内外结合”

marsbit2025-07-10 tarihinde yayınlandı2025-07-11 tarihinde güncellendi

人民币稳定币发展模式可“内外结合”

近日,央行行长潘功胜在2025年陆家嘴论坛发言时指出,区块链和分布式账本等新型技术,推动央行数字货币和稳定币的蓬勃发展,同时对金融监管也提出了巨大的挑战。事实上,随着中国香港的《稳定币条例》即将于8月1日生效,近期关于稳定币的探讨也迎来了前所未有的热度。

通常来看,境外离岸人民币业务是指在境外市场开展以人民币计价结算的金融业务,在政策驱动下呈现以香港为中心,新加坡、伦敦等多点发展的格局。境内离岸人民币业务则体现出“在岸”与“离岸”双重特征,以账户管理为核心运行机制,形成特定条件下的资本自由流动。与之相应,诸多观点认为应该在香港市场试点离岸人民币稳定币,等到条件成熟,然后在国内以自贸试验区为代表的境内离岸市场进行探索。

我们则认为,基于Web3.0世界打造的稳定币已经超越了传统的离岸与在岸范畴,为了更好地实现战略统筹、主动监管、协同推进,应该考虑采取境内离岸与境外离岸人民币稳定币的联动发展模式。究其原因,一是面对美元抵押型稳定币的快速发展,以及各国各地区稳定币监管的快速演进,我国亟需基于金融安全与货币主权视角出发,主动进行稳定币的研究与监管应对,系统考量人民币稳定币的改革试点,而非依靠境外离岸人民币稳定币来被动应对。二是香港人民币离岸市场规模有限,在要求稳定币与法币资产1∶1储备的条件下,可能难以独立支撑人民币稳定币达到规模经济效应。三是对稳定币发行与交易的监管涉及到身份认证、反洗钱等诸多前沿挑战,各国各地区都在积极推动监管创新并寻找应对思路。对此,中央相关部门应该在人民币稳定币监管中发挥主导作用,同时寻求香港监管部门的协调配合。

我们看到,上海自贸试验区自2013年9月29日成立以来,已经基本建立了与国际经贸规则相衔接的制度体系。同时,中央金融管理部门正在全力支持上海国际金融中心建设迈向更高能级,央行也宣布包括在上海临港新片区开展离岸贸易金融服务综合改革试点等八项措施。因此,可以考虑在上海自贸试验区与香港同步推动相关人民币稳定币的创新探索工作。

就境内离岸人民币稳定币(CNY Coin,CNYC)来看,模式之一是可以由清算组织、大型商业银行、头部支付机构、知名投资机构等共同在上海自贸区发起成立一家人民币稳定币发行机构,探索设置人民币稳定币的链上发行与运营机制,并且面向部分授权机构(如数字人民币运营机构,因其积累了相对丰富的创新经验)形成人民币稳定币批发市场,由授权机构面向合格企业或个人兑换人民币稳定币,构建人民币稳定币零售市场。

模式之二则是可依托部分数字人民币运营机构在上海自贸区的分支机构,直接于链上铸造和运营人民币稳定币,并且在兑付给特定的合格经济主体时,充分履行合规落实责任。当然,如果以银行作为稳定币发行主体,那么一方面,境外银行或相关组织探索的代币化存款虽具有稳定币的类似特征,但与真正的稳定币机制仍存在差异。另一方面,为了应对脱媒挑战的部分境外银行,也开始研究或尝试设立科技子公司或联合设立相关法人主体,来探索发行法币稳定币以增加对客户的生态吸引力、抵御加密行业的冲击。所以,此模式下的人民币稳定币探索仍需厘清具体路径与重点。

必须注意的是,无论哪种模式都需同步实现几方面要求。一是人民币稳定币需设置充足的资产储备,除了人民币现金、短期国债等高流动性资产之外,可设置一定比例的数字人民币储备,从而实现与央行CBDC改革试点的协同推进。二是要求人民币稳定币发行主体建立完善的风险识别、资产隔离与托管、内部控制等合规运营机制,面向直接客户履行相关合规义务,也要努力与各方合作推动人民币稳定币的应用场景拓展,有效配合自贸区改革重点。三是充分借鉴上海自贸区FT账户的“电子围网”特点,通过技术标准与智能合约的创新设计,使得在试点期持有和使用人民币稳定币的主体,尽可能限于特定的合格机构、企业或自然人。

同时,就境外离岸人民币稳定币(CNH Coin,CNHC)来看,在模式一之下可以推动由境内外机构在香港共同发起一家人民币稳定币发行机构,或者在模式二之下允许境内部分授权银行或支付机构依托其注册在香港的法人机构,铸造和发行境外离岸人民币稳定币,且需符合香港地区的相关法律规定。由此可形成境内外的双重人民币稳定币体系,同时借鉴现有内地与香港间的跨境支付与资金流动制度安排,探索CNYC与CNHC的交换与互通机制。其中CNYC在短期内主要用于补充和增进跨境贸易与商务活动的支付结算效率,CNHC则旨在进一步强化香港在人民币国际化中的地位,并且可合规用于链上金融活动和大宗商品等的交易结算,尤其是可积极探索支持基于人民币资产的RWA(Real-World Assets),从而共同致力于提升人民币及人民币资产的全球影响力。

还需注意的是,境内外监管部门与人民币稳定币发行机构应该通力合作,持续推动智能化技术创新,有效识别区块链生态系统中的人民币稳定币二级市场活动,尤其对于境内非合格主体持有人民币稳定币的情况进行监测,防范非法资金流动与防止用于非法活动。

当然,正如国际清算银行(BIS)指出的,稳定币在单一性(singleness)、弹性(elasticity)和完整性(integrity)三大关键标准上仍存在缺陷,人民币稳定币的改革探索仍需严控风险、循序渐进、规模适度,同时应尽快推动相关的法律法规制定,从而在全球稳定币法律博弈中强化话语权。着眼未来,亦可借鉴BIS提出的、依托统一账本(Unified Ledger)建设的“金融互联网”(Finternet),同步推动数字人民币、银行代币化存款与稳定币等的协同发展、互补共赢。

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