声援Polymarket 挑战CFTC 加密巨头们瞄准千亿美元在线博彩市场

币界网2024-08-16 tarihinde yayınlandı2024-08-16 tarihinde güncellendi

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作者: flowie , ChainCatcher 

截止8月14日,Polymarket上美国大选相关预测押注超 6 亿美元。

这场声势浩大的押注已经引起了美国监管机构的注意,美CFTC在5月批准一项提案:拟禁止在政治事件上押注的事件合约。

8月5日,美国多位参议员和众议院代表,再次敦促CFTC迅速敲定并实施这一规定,以防止美国选举被商品化。

加密巨头Gemini、Crypto.com、Robinhood、Coinbase等公司,这次集体反抗CFTC,认为后者无权监管预测市场。

在双方博弈的背后,或是加密巨头们对在线预测市场的青睐。

目前,加密预测市场总交易额约20亿美元,不过,其背后还有更大的市场。全球在线博彩市场规模预计将从2023 年的606.3 亿美元增长到2028 年的1037.4 亿美元。

预测市场和 CFTC 的宿怨

2022年,Polymarket 被CFTC起诉后,退出了美国市场,并缴纳了140万美元才达成和解。

CFTC认为Polymarket提供了场外二元期权合约,但未能获得商品交易法(CEA)中指定合约市场 (DCM) 和掉期执行工具 (SEF) 的注册。

二元期权是投机一定交易时间后,标的资产的价格与执行价格的变化,分为看涨(Call)或者看跌(Put)期权。

曼昆律师事务所律师邵诗巍曾发文表示,从本质上看,加密预测市场平台的确提供的是一个二元期权类产品,用户对于所预测事件的结果有 “是” 或 “否” 两个选项,这个选项就是用户获得的期权产品。

在美国的监管环境下,场外二元期权完全禁止,仅允许两大交易所北美衍生品交易所(Nadex)和康托交易所(Cantor Exchange)提供合法二元期权交易。此外,美国规定经纪商只能选择美国本土的支付服务提供商合作,以监管资金去向。

CFTC已经多次处罚提供场外二元期权的预测平台。

2012年,也是美国大选年,成立于1999年的爱尔兰经济时政博彩网站InTrade 是大选事件中被引用的最高的博彩网站。《纽约时报》曾一年内引用Intrade的数据高达68次。

通过美国大选获得“泼天富贵”的InTrade也很快迎来了“灭顶之灾”。2012年底,InTrade被 CFTC 作为非法市场起诉,被迫关停了美国地区的业务。

丢失美国市场一年后,InTrade宣布因出现70万美元的资金短缺而破产清算。

成立于2013年的加密预测市场平台 PredictIt, 在2014年获得了CFTC特殊豁免。但条件是,这是一项与新西兰惠灵顿维多利亚大学合作的非营利性研究,在任何单一合约中的投资金额最多为 850 美元。投资金额的限制也导致其交易量受限。

2022年8月,CFTC撤销了特殊豁免,要求PredictIt 停止运营。最后PredictIt选择起诉CFTC。

成立于2018年,曾获得红杉资本领投的预测平台Kalshi,去年9月也被CFTC禁止上架与美国大选有关的预测合约。

今年年初,Kalshi 及其CEO Tarek Mansour则向CFTC提出控诉,称CFTC违反了《行政程序法》,该合约并不在CFTC的监管范畴内。

Kalshi认为,此类合约是对冲风险的经典方式,Kalshi要求法院撤销CFTC的裁决,该裁决认定Kalshi“违背公共利益”从事非法博彩活动。

对于二元期权类产品,邵诗巍律师表示,不仅仅是美国,全球大部分国家或地区对于二元期权类产品虽然没有做明确定义,但监管态度上均表现得非常严格与审慎。

比如中国将二元期权定未非合法的金融产品,最高人民法院公布的第146号指导性案例“陈庆豪等涉嫌开设赌场案”,明确将经营二元期权网站定性为开设赌场。

英国政府将二元期权归类为金融工具,在英国经营二元期权产品需要得到FCA的授权。

挑战 CFTC 的监管权

今年初,预测平台Kalshi 在起诉CFTC后,得到了看好预测市场的风投机构Paradigm的支援。

Paradigm认为,预测市场合约能够帮助企业,包括加密初创公司对冲风险,并对大众产生积极的外溢效应。

Paradigm还表示,预测平台将可能成为加密领域重要的杀手级应用。据1kx 分析师mikey统计,目前加密预测市场总交易额约20亿美元。

不过,其背后还有更大的市场,根据Mordorintelligence的数据,在线博彩市场规模预计将从2023 年的606.3 亿美元增长到2028 年的1037.4 亿美元。

在巨大的市场机遇面前,试图涉足这一领域的加密巨头们,公开挑战CFTC。

公开反对者还包括Gemini、Crypto.com、Robinhood、Coinbase等加密机构和Dragonfly等投资机构。

理由主要有两点:一是政治事件的预测合约对选举产生的影响是积极的,CFTC不应该选择扼杀来损害美国公民获取这些强大市场的权利;二是美CFTC没有权力监管。

加密风投Dragonfly的两位法律顾问Jessica Furr 和 Bryan Edelman 在给 CFTC 的一封信中写道:“政治事件合约不应等同于超级碗等赌博游戏。相反,选举具有重大的经济影响。这些合约旨在发挥关键的风险对冲功能,符合《商品交易法》(CEA)的要求,并向公众提供有价值的预测数据。”

Dragonfly参与了Polymarket 今年5月4500万美元的B轮融资。

Gemini创始人Winklevoss认为,与民意调查、专家或专家意见不同,预测市场要求参与者言出必行——利益攸关,“去中心化预测市场是具有真正公共效用的重大创新。”

Coinbase首席法律顾问 Paul Grewal 则表示:“该提案未能认识到预测市场的公共利益。”

对于预测平台的相关利益者而言,在过往预测市场多次遭到CFTC严厉打击后,此次还有底气公开反对美CFTC,很重要的一点,或许是来自6月底一项有40年历史的Chevron 法则(雪弗龙尊重法则)被美国最高法院推翻。

Chevron 法则曾允许联邦机构根据对有时模糊不清的法律的自身解释来执行规定。随着它被推翻,CFTC 等机构的权威性将被削弱。

Dragonfly法务也提到,美国最高法院推翻了Chevron 法则后,CFTC 必须确保其有权力监管这些合约。

而Coinbase 此次便称 CFTC 提出的博彩定义过于模糊。Crypto.com 高级副总裁 Steve Humenik 表示,CFTC“既不是赌博监管机构,也不是选举监管机构,没有资格监管这个市场”。

Chevron 法则的推翻对CFTC 监管权限带来了不小的挑战。

Polymarket 的远虑和近忧

据 Similarweb 的数据,在与 CFTC 达成和解之前,美国的流量份额在 34% 到 54% 之间。

2022年与CFTC和解后,Polymarket虽然已宣布退出了美国。但目前Polymarket 网站的 25% 访问者仍来自美国。

《福布斯》在近期一篇起底Polymarket 的文章中称,Polymarket 创始人Coplan 对其平台地理封锁措施未予置评。

今年因美国选举事件、奥运赛事等交易量激增,Polymarket累计交易量已突破10亿美元。其中,7月1日至30日交易量就突破3亿美元。

Polymarket上的交易量绝大多数来自于美国大选相关,2024年美国总统大选获胜者的预测奖金池甚至达到了 6亿美元。

和2012年选举年爆火的时政经济博彩网站InTrade类似,Polymarket 也因大选预测成为了彭博等多家专业媒体的引用来源。

美CFTC此次拟推动对于大选预测等合约的禁止规则,很难说不是冲着Polymarket而来。

除了美国外, Polymarket提供的本质上是二元期权产品,这类产品在全球大部分地区都受到了严格监管。

除了监管问题外,Polymarket还面临着热度是否可持续,以及竞争对手带来的压力。

Polymarket 目前只有美国大选等加密行业较关心的短期话题领域上,才具有一定流量。

虽然Polymarket 的非选举市场交易量在持续增长,但仍关注度较低。随着2024年美国大选年底的落幕,Polymarket 上的交易量后续又如何维系。

Polymarket 支持者General Catalyst 的 Bhargava 并不担心,他认为除了大选外,总有重大事件发生,在一个日益动荡的世界中,可能更是如此。

Polymarket 近期也在通过拓展渠道、提高预测准确率,来提高平台内容生成能力和覆盖番位。

7月30日,Polymarket的预测市场嵌入了知名内容订阅付费平台Substack。8月13日,Polymarket 又宣布与AI驱动的搜索引擎Perplexity达成合作,为用户提供实时事件的新闻摘要。

而在竞争对手方面,Web3数据平台RootData已收录了50多个加密预测市场项目。

据1kx 分析师mikey 的数据分析,如果纳入体育类市场后,从年初至今的整体交易额来看,Azuro 和 SX Network 的交易额更接近Polymarket。

一些潜在的竞争对手正在涌现,比如在EVM 上运行的 Limitless Exchange 、Solana 生态的Hedgehog Markets ,以及还在开发中的Drift Exchange、xMarkets、Inertia Social、Doxa、Contro 等多个预测平台。

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图片来源:1kx 分析师mikey

近期,可用于预测市场的 Solana 生态治理项目MetaDAO还获得了Paradigm投资。

传统金融领域的对手也不可忽视。4 月,亿万富翁 Jeff Yass 的交易公司 Susquehanna International 成立独立部门,试图在 Polymarket 的竞争对手 Kalshi 上建立市场。

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