a16z crypto:批斗Meme币

Odaily星球日报2024-05-01 tarihinde yayınlandı2024-05-01 tarihinde güncellendi

Özet

Meme 币仅仅是一个引子,真正的矛头是 SEC。

原文标题:How bad policy favors memes over matter

原文作者:Chris Dixon

发布日期: 04.20.2024 

随着最近加密货币价格再次创下历史新高,加密货币市场存在过度投机的风险,尤其是最近围绕 Meme 币的热议。为什么市场不断重复这些周期,而不是支持那些真正具有变革意义的基于区块链的创新呢?

Meme 币基本都是一些梗币,它们由一些了解这个梗的在线社区的人创建。你可能听说过狗狗币,它基于以柴犬图像为特色的,已经存在于互联网社区很久的狗狗 Meme。当有人怀着自嘲的态度向它赋予了一种后来具有一定经济价值的加密货币时,它便形成了一个更广范围的在线社区。这种 “Meme 币” 体现了互联网文化的多元性,大多是无害的,而更多的 Meme 币则并非如此。

但我写这篇文章的目标并不是为了捍卫什么或贬低 Meme 币。我的目的是指出一个政策制度的落后,这个制度使得 Meme 币兴旺发达,而让更有生产性效用的区块链企业和代币面临障碍。任何 Meme 制作者都可以轻松创建、发布,甚至被交易所主动上架其代币,包括那些贬损特定政治家和名人的代币。但是那些试图建立真实而持久业务的企业家呢?他们却陷入了监管的炼狱。

实际上,现在发布一个没有任何用途的 Meme 币比推出一个具有实用价值的代币更安全。可以试想一下:如果我们的证券市场只激励 GameStop Meme 股票,但拒绝苹果、Microsoft 和英伟达等公司 (很明显这些公司的产品是人们每天都在使用的),我们会认为这是政策上的失败。然而,目前的法规鼓励平台上市 Meme 币,而不是那些更有实用价值的代币。Crypto 行业缺乏监管明确性意味着平台和企业家一直担心他们正在上市或开发的那些更具生产力的区块链代币可能会突然被认定为证券。

我将 Crypto 行业中这些更具投机性和生产性的用例之间的区别称为 “计算机与赌场”。“赌场” 文化将区块链视为一种主要用于交易和赌博的代币发行方式。“计算机” 文化对区块链本身更感兴趣,认为区块链是一种新的创新平台,就像之前的网络、社交和移动网络一样。随着时间的推移,Meme 币社区有可能通过增加更多效用来发展其代币,毕竟,我们今天使用的许多颠覆性创新曾经看起来也像一个玩具。“效用” 之所以重要,是因为代币的核心是一种新的数字原语,它为任何人提供在线产权。基于区块链的,更具生产力的代币使个人和社区有可能拥有互联网平台和服务,而不仅仅是使用互联网平台和服务。

这种开源的、社区运营的服务可以解决我们今天在大型科技公司面临的诸多问题:它们可以提供更有效的支付系统;他们可以验证真实性证明,以防止深度伪造;它们可以包容更多元化的人群加入,或退出特定社交网络的能力 (尤其是如果你不喜欢其审查政策,或者那些网络有选择性地驱赶和保留用户)。他们可以让用户在平台的决策中投票,特别是如果这些用户的生计依赖于该平台。他们可以标记 “人类证明” 来对抗人工智能。或者它们通常可以作为对企业中心化集权的去中心化的平衡力量。

我们的法律框架应该鼓励这种创新。那么,为什么我们优先考虑 Meme 而不是实质呢?美国证券法并未赋予美国证券交易委员会 (SEC) 对投资做出基于价值的判断权利,完全终结投机也不是 SEC 的工作。相反,该机构的作用是 1)保护投资者;2)维护市场公平、有序、高效;3)促进资本形成。在数字资产市场和代币方面,美国 SEC 在这三个目标上均失败了。

美国证券交易委员会 (SEC) 用来确定某物是否为证券的主要测试是 1946 年的 Howey 测试,该测试涉及评估许多因素,包括是否由于他人的管理努力而产生合理的利润预期。以比特币和以太坊为例:虽然这两个加密项目都是始于一个人的愿景,但它们都演变成了并不由某一个实体控制的开发者社区,因此潜在投资者不必依赖任何人的 “管理努力”。这些技术现在像公共基础设施一样运行,而不是作为专有平台。

不幸的是,其他正在建立创新项目的企业家们并不知道如何获得与比特币和以太坊相同的监管待遇。成立于 2009 年的比特币和成立于 2013 - 2014 年的以太坊是迄今为止唯一的重要区块链项目,这两个项目都是在十多年前建立的,美国证券交易委员会(SEC)明确或隐含地认为这些项目没有涉及管理性努力。SEC 缺乏坦率和方法,包括通过执法监管来应用 Howey 测试,也导致了该行业的诸多混乱和不确定性。虽然 Howey 测试有充分的理由,但它本质上是主观的。SEC 已经宽泛地扩展了测试的意义,以至于普通的资产,甚至像耐克鞋这样的东西,今天都可以被视为证券。

而与此同时,Meme 币项目没有开发者,所以产生了没有 Meme 币投资者依赖任何人的 “管理努力” 的假象。因此,Meme 币得以传播,而创新项目则举步维艰。这样的局面造成了投资者最终面临的风险更大,而不是更小。

答案不是减少监管,而是更好的监管。具体的解决方案包括引入精心定制的披露内容,为普通投资者提供更多信息。另一个解决方案是要求长期锁定期以防止一夜暴富所带来的隐形市场危害,并激励更多的长期建设。

监管机构在大萧条之后实施了类似的保护措施,这是在 1920 年代的繁荣和 1929 年的股市崩溃之后。当这些指导原则到位,我们在市场和经济中便看到了前所未有的增长和创新。监管者是时候从过去的错误中学习,并为所有人的更好未来铺平道路了。

作者是 Andreessen Horowitz 的普通合伙人,他领导着加密基金,并且是 “Read Write Own”的作者。

本文的精简版最初于 2024 年 4 月 18 日刊登在《金融时报》上,并于 2024 年 4 月 19 日出版。

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