以Particle Network为例,深入探讨「链抽象」的价值

Odaily星球日报2024-04-28 tarihinde yayınlandı2024-04-28 tarihinde güncellendi

Özet

为何市场模块化到一定程度必须要有「链抽象」?

原文作者:Haotian(X:@tmel0211

很多人以为链抽象是 VC 炮制的概念,其实还真不是。看了 SevenX 这篇描述链抽象未来的文章深有启发。目前市场高性能 layer 1、并行 EVM、Layer 2 RaaS、layer 3 应用链、跨链等赛道的复杂环境,使模块化、链抽象成为两个衍生孪生叙事。在我看来,“模块化”到一定程度必须要有“链抽象”。接下来,我来阐述下看法:

1)现在 layer 1 公链层的竞争水深火热,上一轮大家倾向于 EVM 化,因此出现了很多 EVM- Compatible layer 1 ,这一轮 EVM 的先天不足遭到诟病,出现了一些主打并行交易的高性能 layer 1 链,像 Solana、Sui、Aptos 等,还有一些底层架构彻底重构的并行 EVM 链,如 Monad、Artela 等。

2)layer 2 叙事也早已不是纯 EVM 的天下,出现了 BTC layer 2 生态,有 BSquare 这类 EVM- Compatible 类型的 layer 2 ,也有 CKB 这类 UTXO 同构绑定类型 layer 2 ;此外还出现了高度模块化组合 layer 2 生态,比如,模块化 DA 层设计 Celestia、以 Solana VM 做执行层的 Eclipse 等等。

这些链越多,竞争越内卷,链和链之间的跨链 interoperability 问题就越突出,至少涉及:底层语言、账户模型、合约标准等多种异构性。

比如,Move、Rust、Solidity 语言之间差异,开发者学习成本就很高;不同账户和状态模型的差异,让以太坊的 EOA 账户去兼容比特币的 UTXO 模型会很难;不同链智能合约标准的差异,ERC 20、ERC 721 等标准在 Move 系公链基于 Object 为中心的链内会不好处理;Relay 中继器在不同链之间的原子通信交互存在巨大挑战,需要 RPC 实时监控各个链上上的合约状态并协调按顺序执行。除此之外,还存在不同共识验证机制(POW VS POS)、不同治理协调机制、不同扩展性能力、不同可信度安全底层等等。

这些链本位背后的复杂因素直接导致用户本位存在很多体验糟糕的问题:

1)用户在 EVM 和非 EVM 全链环境下,账户地址不统一;

2)用户在控制 EOA 地址和智能合约地址以及 MPC 管理等存在不一致的签名规范,需要做签名聚合;

3)用户在不同链环境下需要不同的 Gas 费标准,Gas 转换和摩擦都存在挑战;

4)不同链之间有不同的流动性深度,用户没有统一的流动性管理环境等;

面对这些各色各样链与链之间复杂性兼容难题,链抽象的目标正是要把这些技术复杂性隐藏到幕后,而展示给用户的则是一套简单的前端 UX 界面。大家都熟知 @ParticleNtwrk 为了实现让用户通过 Unisat 直接连接 EVM 环境的问题,推出了 BTC Connect。其实这只是链抽象大工程的一小部分,除此之外,Particle 还做了哪些链抽象的幕后技术整合操作呢?

1)基于 Cosmos SDK 构建模块化L1公链底层架构,这样以来,Particle 可以连接 EVM 环境、BTC UTXO 环境、Solana 高并发环境等,Cosmos 的 IBC 和中继器等都为其最大程度连接复杂性多 layer 1 环境提供了框架前提;

2)构建了 Keystore 合约实现全链账户抽象,由合约管理用户各个异构链上的账户和状态信息,包括地址、公钥、签名等跨链消息传递等;

3)用去中心化 Bundler 服务,即 intent 意图 Solver 处理中心,来接收用户的复杂操作指令并将其转化为链上可执行的交易,比如 Paymaster 代付 Gas、Social Recovery 等优化交易体验等,都通过意图层构建的 UserOps 来实现;

4)跨链通信和中继器 Relayer 来负责在各个链监听交易和状态更新并且按顺序即时响应并反馈处理,为全链交互丝滑体验和统一的流动性体验提供基础;

5)针对 Gas Token 不统一的问题,未来 Particle 也会发行生态代币$PARTI 来统一不同链上的 Gas 消费,实现 Gas 抽象,关键是,除了跨链资产结算之外,Gas Token 也会提供双质押安全模型机制来确保各个链上的交互可信安全性。

最近,集成 Particle 账户抽象和 BTC Connect 服务的 MerlinChain TGE 上线了,我留意到市场上出现了一些抱怨 AA 使用体验较差的问题。其实也不难理解,链抽象服务主体提供的相当于一个可插拔的接口拓展服务,接口本身(CDK)的签名算法优化和适配需也尤为关键。像 Bearchain、opBNB 等 60 多条链也都集成了该服务,Particle 只是提供了一种标准化的可供合作项目方直接集成的链抽象服务,若要凭一己之力承担所有的兼容体验不给力问题也不现实。

以上

在我看来,Particle 就是一条典型的致力于解决链抽象复杂问题的模块化 layer 1 公链。SevenX 在文中还例举了 @LightDotSo @NEARProtocol 等不同解决方案,我就不一一解读了,但这类技术服务理解起来并不难。

链抽象的本质就是“连接整合”和“异构兼容”,功夫都在幕后,让项目开发者能快速低成本集成并应用成熟的扩展服务,让用户感知到无缝的交互使用体验。

总之,链抽象赛道的未来正是由现在跨链原生环境的复杂性造就的,现在大家还沉浸在模块化组合带来的复杂性繁荣非理性期,或许还无法感知链抽象的价值。当 Mass Adoption 愿景逐步实现,链间竞争内卷到需要大浪淘沙洗牌的时候,链抽象赛道的价值自然会显现。

İlgili Okumalar

Preferred Stock Is Not the Trigger for Corporate Bankruptcy, MicroStrategy's Dollar Reserves Can Cover Dividend and Interest Payments Until February 2027

Preferred Shares Are Not the Catalyst for Corporate Bankruptcy; MicroStrategy's Dollar Reserves Can Cover Dividend and Interest Payments Until February 2027. This article analyzes the nature of preferred shares used by MicroStrategy (MSTR). Legally equity but economically similar to debt, these shares, including its Bitcoin-linked STR convertible preferred notes (STRC), offer fixed or floating dividends. Crucially, MicroStrategy's preferred shares lack rigid redemption clauses, meaning they are not classified as traditional debt. This eliminates principal repayment pressure and means missed dividends do not constitute default or trigger bankruptcy, creating a "self-contradictory virtuous cycle." The article clarifies that if funds are short, MicroStrategy can defer or suspend preferred share dividends (except for non-cumulative types like STRD) without immediate risk. The real potential crisis point lies with its convertible bonds. If a prolonged bear market prevents conversion, MicroStrategy might need to sell Bitcoin to repay these bonds starting from the earliest maturity in September 2027, potentially creating a downward spiral. Preferred dividend suspensions would only exacerbate market panic in such a scenario. Recent financial activity shows MicroStrategy strengthened its position through four weeks of common stock (MSTR) issuances, raising over $851 million without issuing new preferred shares. It increased its dollar reserves to approximately $1.4 billion, which is sufficient to cover all preferred share dividends and interest until around March 2027. While Bitcoin purchases slowed recently, this prioritization of cash reserves enhances the company's near-term financial safety. The analysis concludes that if the Bitcoin bear market ends by early 2025 as anticipated, MicroStrategy can resume issuing MSTR stock in a rising market to replenish reserves and manage future dividend obligations, thereby reducing the long-term pressure from its preferred share structure.

marsbit47 dk önce

Preferred Stock Is Not the Trigger for Corporate Bankruptcy, MicroStrategy's Dollar Reserves Can Cover Dividend and Interest Payments Until February 2027

marsbit47 dk önce

Giants Wage the Context War, Reconstructing AI Moats

The article "Giants Launch the Context War, Reconstructing AI's Moat" discusses how leading AI companies—OpenAI, Anthropic, and Google—are shifting their competitive focus from model size to acquiring, managing, and utilizing user context (Context). Initially, Context referred to the length of text a model could process, leading to a "arms race" for longer context windows. However, the competition has evolved through three key phases: expanding text capacity (long context windows), enabling memory across sessions, and finally, integrating AI into real user environments like browsers and desktops to capture dynamic task states. Each company is pursuing a distinct strategy. OpenAI is building Context around the ChatGPT account, turning it into a central hub that accumulates user understanding across various integrated applications and tools. Anthropic, lacking a major user base, focuses on high-value verticals like coding, empowering its Claude model to actively gather Context through GUI interaction (Computer Use) and system connections (MCP protocol). Google, with vast existing user data from products like Search and Gmail, faces the challenge of restructuring this data into actionable, AI-understandable Context for its Gemini model within its ecosystem. The core argument is that the nature of competitive advantage in AI is changing. The internet era prized network effects—connecting more users. The AI era values "individual depth": the ability to build deep, task-specific understanding of a user. This creates a new moat through 1) the compounding value of accumulated Context, 2) deep integration with user tools and permissions, and 3) the establishment of trust for complex tasks. Therefore, the battle for Context is fundamentally about capturing "task entry points" and converting existing digital ecosystems into environments where AI can effectively understand and act, rather than merely scaling user numbers.

marsbit1 saat önce

Giants Wage the Context War, Reconstructing AI Moats

marsbit1 saat önce

Foundation Steps Back, Ethlabs Steps Forward: Ethereum Undergoes Its Largest Restructuring in History

On June 23rd, the Ethereum ecosystem witnessed two major shifts, signaling a significant governance realignment. First, former Ethereum Foundation researchers established Ethlabs, a new independent non-profit. Backed by major ETH holders like Bitmine and SharpLink, Ethlabs aims to address practical needs for institutional adoption, including faster settlement, native asset issuance, cross-chain transactions, and mainnet scaling. Secondly, the Ethereum Foundation announced a major restructuring, laying off 54 employees (20% of its staff) to become a leaner entity focused on protocol governance and maintenance rather than being the primary builder. This move represents a pivotal correction. Criticisms had mounted over the Foundation's perceived slowness, lack of clear strategy, and over-reliance on Vitalik Buterin's influence. Ethlabs emerges as a more execution-oriented, "industrialized" layer focused on market adoption—bridging the gap between research and real-world use. Notably, Vitalik Buterin is absent from its list of supporters, interpreted as an intentional step to avoid excessive personal endorsement and allow the organization to build independent credibility. The Ethereum Foundation's downsizing and redefinition mark a retreat from its former central coordinating role. It now aims to share the "privilege of stewarding Ethereum" with other emerging groups like Ethlabs, the Ethereum Applications Guild, and The Ethereum Economic Zone. Analysts frame this dual shift as the Foundation ensuring Ethereum remains "correct" (credibly neutral), while Ethlabs must prove it remains "effective" (competitive and attractive for capital and adoption). This addresses community "shareholder-like anxiety" about ETH's market performance. While risks exist—such as concerns over shifting from Foundation centrality to large-holder influence—the consensus is that the greater risk for Ethereum was inaction, caught between technical idealism and organizational inertia. These steps aim to create a more multi-stakeholder, execution-driven future for the network.

链捕手9 saat önce

Foundation Steps Back, Ethlabs Steps Forward: Ethereum Undergoes Its Largest Restructuring in History

链捕手9 saat önce

Second Half of U.S. Crypto Policy: The Clarity Act Aims for 60 Votes, CFTC's "One-Person Commission" Becomes Biggest Variable

In a pivotal year for US crypto policy, the "CLARITY Act" is advancing in the Senate but faces a high hurdle, needing 60 votes to pass. Key challenges include bridging partisan divides on ethics and swaying undecided Republican senators within a tight legislative calendar of only about 40 working days. The policy "second half" involves intense negotiations on a broader framework for Web3 and DeFi, including crypto tax reforms and the Blockchain Regulatory Certainty Act. A significant uncertainty is the understaffed CFTC, operating with four commissioner vacancies, which complicates regulatory clarity. Meanwhile, the departure of key "crypto champions"—SEC Commissioner Hester Peirce and Senator Cynthia Lummis—will impact ongoing policy efforts. Industry experts are cautiously optimistic but realistic. Sara K. Weed notes that while progress is being made, CLARITY is unlikely to pass this Congress, pushing agencies like the SEC and CFTC to provide more guidance. Sulolit Mukherjee suggests meaningful crypto tax legislation is more likely to be attached to larger must-pass bills. Rashan Colbert discusses the jurisdictional debate over prediction markets, emphasizing the need for a regulatory framework that fosters their development as financial tools rather than treating them broadly as gambling. The clock is ticking, but opportunities remain for substantive progress through continued bipartisan dialogue and pragmatic efforts.

marsbit11 saat önce

Second Half of U.S. Crypto Policy: The Clarity Act Aims for 60 Votes, CFTC's "One-Person Commission" Becomes Biggest Variable

marsbit11 saat önce

İşlemler

Spot
Futures
活动图片