以太坊2024路线图:6大主题,能否将ETH带向新高?

Odaily星球日报Опубликовано 2023-12-31Обновлено 2023-12-31

Введение

ETH的新年愿望。

原创 | Odaily星球日报

作者 | Loopy

以太坊2024路线图:6大主题,能否将ETH带向新高?

今日早间,以太坊联合创始人 Vitalik Buterin 发布了新版的以太坊路线图。而本次路线图与以往并无较大变化。他表示,随着以太坊的技术道路不断巩固,变化相对较少。

以太坊 2024 年的路线图强调了对创新、可扩展性和去中心化等关键特性。通过建立了 PoS 共识这一重大转变,以太坊将巩固其作为领先区块链平台的地位,以准备满足其全球用户群体不断发展的需求。

本次路线图围绕六大核心元素设计,具体如下:

以太坊2024路线图:6大主题,能否将ETH带向新高?

合并 (The Merge)

这一部分早在 2022 年 9 月就已实现,标志着以太坊从工作证明(PoW)转向权益证明(PoS)的共识机制。这一转变显著降低了网络的能源消耗,并为区块链的效率和可扩展性提供了进一步增强的基础。

单时隙最终确定(SSF)在合并后的权益证明(PoS)改进中扮演着重要角色,SSF 是解决当前以太坊 PoS 设计弱点的最佳途径。

SSF:目前的以太坊共识协议 Gasper 需要 64 到 95 个时隙(Slot)来最终确定区块,这使得链的相当一部分容易受到重组(reorgs)。为解决这一问题,他们提出了一种可以在每个时隙内最终确定一个区块的协议,从而为以太坊内的单时隙最终确定性铺平道路。这种协议将有助于提高交易确认的速度和经济安全性。

激增 (The Surge)

本部分旨在极大增加以太坊的吞吐量,目标是达到每秒 10 万笔交易。这一扩展解决方案对于支持全球采用和提高网络容量至关重要,涵盖以太坊及其 Layer 2 网络。

该领域已取得显著进展。这包括 EIP-4844 的进步和 Rollup 扩容本身的改进。

以太坊的研究人员正在积极探索新的抵押池方案,以提高以太坊网络的去中心化、安全性和效率。这些提议包括简化活跃验证者上限和轮换、单时隙最终确定性(SSF)的实现,以及引入执行票等新概念。

清除 (The Scourge)

该主题专注于解决以太坊生态系统内的经济集中化风险,特别是与矿工可提取价值(MEV)和流动性质押服务有关的问题。目标是保持去中心化的性质,确保平等公正地访问网络资源。

潜在改进方向:

执行票:引入名为“执行票”的新机制,这是以太坊共识机制的一个潜在改进。这个机制提出了一个协议内的市场,用于购买和出售提供未来区块提议权的票证。它包括两个随机抽取过程,一个用于选择信标区块提议者和证明者,另一个用于选择执行区块提议者和证明者。执行票制度的目的是分离信标区块的制作和 MEV 奖励,从而将去中心化的验证者集合与这些中心化力量隔离开来。这篇文章深入探讨了这个机制的设计、分析以及一些尚待解决的开放性问题。

新验证机制:Vitalik Buterin 此前曾提出了一个简化的活跃验证者上限和轮换提案。这个提案旨在通过设定活跃验证者的数量上限(例如 2 ^ 19 个验证者),同时确保经济最终确定性、验证者收入的低长期变异性以及最大化简单性。为了处理超过上限的验证者,提出了一种基于“dynasty”机制的改进版本,确保在任何时刻只有一定数量的验证者处于“清醒”状态,同时通过每次链完成时轮换清醒验证者的一部分,来保持安全性和低变异性。这个提案还讨论了可能的经济影响和替代方案。

两层抵押模型:两层抵押模型(two-tiered staking)将参与者根据抵押量或其他标准分为不同的层级。这可通过协议和抵押池变更来提高去中心化,并减少共识层的压力。这一模型基于当前流行的去中心化抵押池(如 Lido 和 Rocket Pool)的运作方式,并作出了一定改进。包括在池内投票工具的改进、增加池之间的竞争以及在协议内引入委托抵押(enshrined delegation)。这些提议旨在提高以太坊网络的安全性和去中心化水平。

前沿 (The Verge)

此领域的增强功能针对的是使区块验证更有效率。随着交易量的持续增长,这些优化对于保持以太坊的可扩展性至关重要。路线图中移除了“增加L1 gas 限制”的内容,gas 限制可以随时提高,表明了一种灵活的网络容量管理方法。

目前的最新进展是 Verkle 树即将准备完成。

Verkle 树:

Verkle Tries 是一种类似于 Merkle Patricia Trees (MPT) 的数据结构,这是当今以太坊中使用的数据结构。虽然 Verkle Tries 使用类似于 MPT 的树状结构,但关键区别在于每个节点都使用一种特殊类型的哈希(称为向量提交)来提交到子节点。这些向量承诺提供了几个重要的长期利益,并有助于为以太坊的无状态铺平道路。

具体优势包括:更小的证明大小;降低运行节点的硬件要求,进而加强去中心化;新节点可以立即加入网络,同步速度更快;允许更高的 gas 限制带来的扩展优势;与 zk-EVM 更兼容。

净化 (The Purge)

重点在是简化以太坊的协议,使其对开发人员更加友好和可访问。这种简化预计将提高以太坊网络的整体功能和可用性。

状态过期的优先级降低:路线图上“状态过期”是一个相对较低优先级和紧迫性的项目,特别是考虑到无状态客户端和 PBS 的发展。

VDF的重视程度降低:这一转变是由于在现有 VDF 构造中识别出的加密学弱点。

挥霍 (The Splurge)

这一类别涵盖了以太坊生态系统的各种其他方面,包括从生态系统增长和可持续性到人类协调等方面。它反映了以太坊对培育和支持其充满活力的社区的承诺。

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