Трамп планирует использовать забытый мандат ФРС против доллара

cryptonews.ruPublicado em 2025-05-16Última atualização em 2025-09-17

Кандидат Трампа на пост управляющего Федеральной резервной системы Стивен Миран (Stephen Miran) напомнил о существовании «третьего мандата» центробанка, что может кардинально изменить долгосрочную денежно-кредитную политику США. Этот забытый пункт из учредительных документов ФРС способен открыть дорогу для более агрессивного вмешательства в рынки облигаций.

Третий мандат

Традиционно считается, что у Федрезерва двойной мандат — минимальная инфляция и максимальная занятость. Однако в основополагающих документах центробанка зафиксирован третий пункт: умеренные долгосрочные процентные ставки.

Этот третий мандат десятилетиями игнорировался, поскольку большинство экономистов рассматривали его как естественное следствие достижения первых двух целей. Теперь администрация Трампа готова использовать этот законодательный пункт как правовое обоснование для потенциального контроля кривой доходности и расширенного количественного смягчения.

Закон о Федеральной резервной системе 1913 года действительно содержит упоминание третьего мандата об умеренных долгосрочных процентных ставках. Трамп давно выступает за снижение ставок, критикуя главы ФРС Джерома Пауэлла (Jerome Powell) за слишком медленные действия.

Инструменты воздействия на ставки

Администрация хочет активно подавлять долгосрочные процентные ставки. Потенциальные инструменты включают:

  • Увеличенный выпуск казначейских векселей
  • Выкуп облигаций
  • Количественное смягчение
  • Прямой контроль кривой доходности

Снижение долгосрочных ставок сократит расходы правительства на обслуживание долга при рекордном национальном долге в $37,5 трлн. Администрация также планирует стимулировать рынок жилья через снижение ипотечных ставок.

Что такое кривая доходности

Кривая доходности — это график, который показывает процентные ставки по государственным облигациям с разными сроками погашения: от краткосрочных (несколько месяцев) до долгосрочных (10-30 лет). В нормальных условиях долгосрочные облигации дают более высокую доходность, чем краткосрочные — инвесторы требуют премию за риск длительного вложения денег.

Контроль кривой доходности означает, что центробанк начинает покупать долгосрочные гособлигации в таких объемах, чтобы искусственно снизить их доходность до желаемого уровня. Фактически ФРС будет печатать деньги для скупки облигаций, принуждая рынок принять низкие ставки по долгосрочным бумагам.

Влияние на доллар и криптовалюты

Кристиан Пусатери (Christian Pusateri), основатель протокола шифрования Mind Network, назвал третий мандат «финансовыми репрессиями под другим названием», отметив, что это очень похоже на контроль кривой доходности.

«Цена денег попадает под более жесткий контроль, потому что вековой баланс между капиталом и трудом, между долгом и ВВП, стал нестабильным», — пояснил он.

По мнению Пусатери, биткоин может поглотить огромный капитал как предпочтительный инструмент хеджирования против глобальной финансовой системы.

Основатель BitMEX Артур Хейс (Arthur Hayes) также считает эту новость положительной для криптовалют, предполагая, что контроль кривой доходности может отправить биткоин к отметке $1 млн.

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