一文详解 NFT 洗盘交易及其背后的原因

Footprint区块链分析Published on 2022-12-09Last updated on 2022-12-09

Abstract

超过 98% 的总交易单是真实的交易。换句话说,人们可能只是喜欢 JPEG。

如果没有适当的监管和执法,NFT 洗盘交易是 NFT 市场上不可避免的现象。

市场上有一种说法是,整个 NFT 市场的交易本质是欺诈性的,并且是由洗盘交易者操纵出来的假象。我们经常看到许多 媒体头条 在推动这种说法。毕竟,为什么有人会要花数百万美元购买 一张 JPEG 图片呢?

洗盘交易是指交易者反复买卖同一资产以操纵交易量和 / 或资产价格的行为。所涉及的各方可能由单个实体或多个实体组成。在传统的资本市场中,洗盘交易是非法的,因为其意图通常是 误导其他买家 / 卖家 该资产的价值远高于其实际价值,和 / 或该资产存在的良好的市场流动性。

然而,在加密货币区域,特别是 NFT 市场,是没有严格的法规的,所以洗盘交易的现象有时会十分猖獗。除了上述洗盘交易的原因外,还有两个原因是 NFT 市场独有的:减税和赚取交易平台代币奖励。

价格 / 流动性操纵的洗盘交易行为

热度是 NFT 的一切。NFT 项目方会竭尽所能吸引眼球并创造爆点。获得热度的最简单方法是出现在 NFT 市场的首页上。 OpenSea、LooksRare、Magic Eden 等都有一个展示热门 NFT 项目的界面。

来源:OpenSea

虽然没有一个市场明确说明它们的热度算法是如何运作的,交易量很明显是列入热榜表的一个重要因素。交易量高就能进热榜的机制会激励 NFT 创始人通过洗盘交易以增加他们的交易量,从而增加他们的项目被列入热榜的机会。洗盘交易还给市场一种虚假流动性的印象,让人产生错误的信心,认为他们即将购买的 NFT 存在大量需求和热度。使毫无戒心的买家以高价购买项目方的 NFT。

我们已经确定的一个洗盘例子是 PixBattle #1 ,这是一个游戏项目,自称是 Solana 上的第一个像素游戏 NFT。

来源:Magic Eden

从上面的截图中你会注意到,一个 NFT 一天内是在两个地址之间不停的重复交易。除了伪造交易量和热度之外,没有其他原因会发生这种情况。洗盘交易者也没有费心通过使用不相同的两个地址来隐藏他们的洗盘踪迹。此外,洗盘交易的 NFT 是#1 ID ( 第一个从合约铸造的 NFT。这增加了洗盘者可能是该系列创始人的可能性,因为他们知道该系列何时可以铸造,大概率是第一个 NFT 的铸造者。

资料来源:Magic Eden

从 Magic Eden 的价格图表里,我们可以看到一些不知情的买家在流动性枯竭并且价格变为 0 之前购买了顶部。

识别洗盘交易

因为洗盘交易涉及许多的因素,所以是几乎不可能识别所有有洗盘交易的项目。这些是需要注意的一些常见洗盘迹象:

收藏品交易处于稳定的价格水平(即没有高价的「稀有款」交易)。

收藏品交易量高 / 有流动性,但是知名度低 / 社交媒体指标差(例如 Twitter 关注者数量低)

NFT 一天内被购买的次数超过正常次数

NFT 在短时间内被同一个买家地址重复购买 ,比如 120 分钟

以获取交易损失来减少交税的洗盘行为

洗盘交易的另一个原因是为了获取交易损失,以此减少个人税。美国和欧洲等司法管辖区将 NFT 视为资产,并征收某种形式的资产利得税。这意味着交易者为收益纳税,但他们通常是可以在最终税收计算中用投资损失来抵消税收。然而,这仅适用于投资者已经实现的收益或损失的交易。在这种情况下,高价买入 NFT,被套的买家实际上可能会被激励亏本出售他们的 NFT,以实现损失,并抵消他们在其他投资获得的收益。从法律上,实现交易损失,减免税收既不罕见也不违法。

但在 NFT 市场上,洗盘交易是一种实现交易损失的方法。交易者可以把 NFT 出售给他们实际控制的另一个钱包而实现虚假的「亏本」。比如把 NFT 价格设置为 1 USD 的金额,卖给另一个自己的钱包,实现亏损。使交易者可以在保留亏本卖出资产的同时获得减税。

如果我们查看 ETH 上的前 10 大 NFT 项目,我们可以看到项目持有者确实利用了这一点。

资料来源: Footprint Analytics(截至 2022 年 11 月 22 日)

以上的图包含了所以根据当时地板价低于 90% 以下的 NFT 交易。从交易行为来看,最高的月度销售额在 2021 年 12 月,其次是 2022 年 1 月。巧合的是,这是许多司法管辖区的报税的月份。我们可以安全的假设在这些时段的低于 90% 地板价交易中的大多数(如果不是全部)都涉及实现交易随时,减交税额的意图。

资料来源: Footprint Analytics(截至 2022 年 11 月 22 日)

在前 10 个 项目中,实现交易损失的前三个最受欢迎的项目是 MAYC ( 117 )、 Cool Cats ( 74 )和 CloneX ( 61 )。这些项目的洗盘交易者都似乎以极低的价格出售他们的 NFT。低于 0.5 ETH ,深圳接近于 0 ,使得它们对于任何链上观察者来说都是明显的异常值。

尽管如此,值得一提的是,这些低价销售可能还有其他原因,例如卖家填错了出售价格,或者是一些预留给某个地址的友情价。

代币洗盘交易

LooksRare 和 X2Y2 是最著名代币化的 NFT 市场。平台代币在平台上以交易奖励的方式分发给大交易者们。 洗盘交易者利用这个机制,通过在他们拥有的钱包之间来回交易,每天产生极其大量的交易量,从而最大化他们的交易奖励回报。为了识别出这些赚取交易奖励类型的洗盘交易,我们根据以下规则过滤了 LooksRare 和 X2Y2 上的洗盘交易:

价格过高的 NFT 交易(高过 OpenSea 平均价格的 X 倍)

版税为 0% 的收藏品(CryptoPunks 和 ENS 除外)

NFT 购买量超过正常数量一天中的次数

同一买家地址在短时间内购买的 NFT

通过这些规则过滤之后,我们发现自这两个 NFT 交易平台推出以来,有 80% 以上的交易量都是洗盘交易:

来源: Footprint Analytics(截至 2022 年 11 月 22 日)

从以上图中可以看到,LooksRare 的洗盘交易量更高。我们认为是因为它的交易回报更加丰厚。我们根据每个代币自推出以来的每日收盘价计算了交易奖励的总价值。以下是截至 2022 年 11 月 22 日的结果。

资料来源: Footprint Analytics(截至 2022 年 11 月 22 日)

如果我们取历史平均值计算, 你在 X2Y2 上从交易奖励中赚取的每一美元,你在 LooksRare 上会多赚 21 美元。 然而,这个数字具有误导性,因为 LooksRare 在 X2Y2 之前大约 3 个月推出,当时市场仍然旺盛,而且 LOOKS (LooksRare 的代币)价格要高得多。在最初的热度平息和熊市开始后,交易奖励开始收缩到更均匀的水平。 即便如此,过去三个月里,LooksRare 提供的美元价值仍是 X2Y2 的两倍。

然而,这些只是广泛的假设,因为奖励在很大程度上取决于平台各自每日交易量的百分比。 如果总交易量较低(从而为卖家提供更高百分比的交易奖励)。

有趣的是,虽然 LooksRare 平均分配更多价值,但 X2Y2 有更多真实交易量。从 6 月到现在的月交易量,X2Y2 都比 Looksrare 的多。 (不考虑洗盘交易量)

资料来源: Footprint Analytics(截至 2022 年 11 月 22 日)

X2Y2 真实交易量比 Looksrare 的多一个可能的解释是交易成本更小。 X2Y2 目前 收取 0.5% 的交易费用,并提供可选的版税费用(尽管该 功能已于 2022 年 11 月 18 日收回),而 LooksRare 的交易费用更高 ( 2.0% )。然而,即使我们考虑到 LooksRare 较高的交易费用,在我们抵消代币奖励后,在 LooksRare 上进行交易总是更便宜。我们只能推测 X2Y2 的营销策略在人类心理更喜欢「折扣」而不是「现金返还」的情况下更有效。截至 2022 年 11 月 22 日,LooksRare 的代币平均质押回报 ( 53.61% ) 高于 X2Y2 ( 38.81% )。

深入了解 LooksRare / X2Y2 洗盘交易者的交易模式

我们已经确定了超过 6442 个地址在 LooksRare 和 X2Y2 上洗盘交易。前 10 个地址都来自 LooksRare,这符合 Looksrare 代币奖励价值更高的前提。

资料来源: Footprint Analytics(截至 2022 年 11 月 22 日)

这些交易者有两个不同的交易高峰时间,在上午 8 点至上午 9 点(UTC+ 0 )和每天结束时。

资料来源: Footprint Analytics(截至 2022 年 11 月 22 日)

在当天收盘前进行交易是有说法的,因为他们可能试图增加其在市场上的每日交易量份额。由于交易奖励是基于市场每日总交易量的百分比,因此交易者会尽可能晚地进行洗盘交易以确定所需的交易量,以获得最大份额的奖励。以及至于早上的峰值,我们推测这些交易员在接近午夜的时区进行操作,这与美国的深夜相吻合。

在最受欢迎用来洗盘的项目方面, Terrafroms by Mathcastles 位居榜首。此系列有超过 1 2B 美元的洗盘交易,占该系列在 LooksRare 和 X2Y2 上的集体交易量的 99.82% 。

资料来源: Footprint Analytics(截至 2022 年 11 月 22 日)

我们不确定为什么会这样。但我们发现,这些用来洗盘的 NFT 项目的共同点是它们的版税为零。这意味着洗盘交易的成本更低。我们只能假设一个大鲸或一群大鲸将其指定为他们首选的洗盘交易 NFT。 如果我们看一下 Terraform 的洗盘交易者名单,前 2 个钱包的交易额就接近 $ 4.8 B。

资料来源: Footprint Analytics(截至 2022 年 11 月 22 日)

这很可能是他 / 她的钱包之间的单一鲸鱼交易,占比超过 1/3 的洗盘交易量。

然而,在 Terraform NFT 成为洗盘首榜之前,值得注意的是, Meebits 一直是刷量交易者的最爱,直到他们在 2022 年 9 月实施版税。刷量交易量随后在一夜之间消失。

资料来源: Footprint Analytics(截至 2022 年 11 月 22 日)

结论

如果没有适当的监管和执法,NFT 洗盘交易是 NFT 市场上不可避免的现象。传统市场里,操纵价格 / 数量和欺诈性地获取税收损失是非法的,并且该标准应该适用于加密货币。另一方面,通过洗盘交易获得代币奖励是加密货币独有的一种新型活动。虽然这里面临风险的主要受害者是市场本身,但毫无戒心的用户也可能在此活动过程中受到损失。尽管存在道德问题,但币圈的老人们会争辩说代码就是法律。如果 NFT 市场本身没有对奖励分配施加任何限制,为什么用户不应该利用这个「漏洞」呢?

考虑到这一切,难怪每个人都认为 NFT 是个骗局。如果我们看一下 ETH 的总洗盘交易量,情况就不是很美好了。

资料来源:Footprint Analytics(截至 2022 年 11 月 22 日)

在所有交易量中,有 42.9% 是洗盘交易量。耸人听闻的解释是,几乎一半的市场是骗局;然而,更合理的推断是,像 LooksRare 和 X2Y2 这样的平台已经用假交易量支撑了市场。此外,这并没有改变存在真正买家的事实。事实上,如果我们使用不同的指标(即交易数量)来衡量市场,就会出现截然不同的情况。

超过 98% 的总交易单是真实的交易。换句话说,人们可能只是喜欢 JPEG。 对 OpenSea NFT 的研究 一组研究人员 也支持了这一论点,尽管采用了不同的方法。

但这并不意味着我们应该想当然。区块链技术让每一笔交易是透明化的,是我们更容易识别虚假交易,从而保护我们自己。

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