手把手教你辨别:Web3项目是否是「庞氏骗局」

老雅痞Published on 2022-11-26Last updated on 2022-11-26

Abstract

每次跟大家介绍项目的时候,我们的观点都是劝大家一定要慎重,有不少Web3项目被“称为”庞氏骗局,也有不少Web3项目是真正的庞氏骗局。

每次跟大家介绍项目的时候,我们的观点都是劝大家一定要慎重,有不少Web3项目被“称为”庞氏骗局,也有不少Web3项目是真正的庞氏骗局。

在我们最近很多的日常推送中,我们讨论了在看一个Web3项目时,庞氏骗局、传销骗局以及Web3与实体经济的的相关思考点。

在这篇文章中,我想更详细地讨论上述所有问题,并试图找出是什么把Web3项目变成了庞氏或传销骗局。

我是Doombergs Suback的忠实粉丝,Doomberg是这样描述他第一次接触比特币的情况的:

我们清楚地记得一张纸上画了两个圆。在左边的圆圈里,我们写了“实体经济”,而在右边的圆圈里,我们写了“加密货币宇宙”。我们在圆圈之间画了两条管道——一条流向加密宇宙,另一条流回实体经济——并将这两条管道标记为“法定货币”。虽然我们知道投资者的法定货币是如何流入的,但我们无法掌握在加密宇宙中可能发生的情况,这些情况会创造更多的法定货币供投资者日后取出。

Doomberg没有添加描述图像,所以我尝试在这里把它绘制下来:

加密宇宙的标签相当模糊。然而让我感兴趣的是,这里需要更多的法定货币流入,而不是流出,以保持系统的运行。我不完全确定该如何称呼这样的系统,但人们曾使用过庞氏骗局、传销骗局和零和游戏等描述。

庞氏骗局,传销骗局和零和游戏

根据美国证券交易委员会的说法,庞氏骗局是一种投资欺诈,用从新投资者那里收集的资金支付给现有投资者。

从广义上说,这可能适用于上图的情况。SEC还定义了一些识别庞氏骗局的“危险信号”,使人们更清楚为什么在这种情况下,流入管道需要更大:

高回报,几乎没有风险。

过于稳定的回报

未注册投资

未经授权的卖家

隐蔽、复杂的策略

文书工作方面的问题

难以收到款项

接下来让我们看看SEC对传销的定义:

在经典的传销骗局中,参与者试图完全通过招募新的参与者来赚钱:

推销者承诺在短时间内获得高额回报

没有真正的产品或服务出售

主要的重点是招募新的参与者

同样,网站上列出了一些识别传销的特征:

强调招募

没有出售真正的产品或服务

承诺在短时间内获得高回报

轻松赚钱或被动收入

没有显示零售销售收入

佣金结构复杂

另一方面,在零和游戏中,一个人的收益是另一个人的损失——Investopedia用扑克游戏来描述它。扑克游戏所创造的唯一价值便是娱乐价值。

三者的共同之处在于,它们都不创造任何价值,零和游戏并不能掩盖这一事实,而庞氏骗局和传销骗局却试图假装它们确实创造了价值。

庞氏骗局或传销骗局实际上可能产生一些收入或少量投资回报,但大部分回报来自新成员的加入。然而,投资者看不到这一点,他们觉得回报看起来比实际要多得多。

在一个经典的加密项目中,这可能看起来像这样:某个代币的价格最近呈抛物线走势,一个散户投资者决定参与其中,希望在代币上获得额外的高收益。她可能很幸运,这个代币又涨了10倍,于是她开始告诉她的朋友,而她的朋友也可能再赚5倍。这个故事只能持续到某一时刻,要么没有新的投资者,要么早期投资者将套现,要么市值过高,无法再涨10倍。

从本质上说,价格与价值的脱钩程度越高,保持资金流入就越困难。在doomberg的图表中,流入管道需要大于流出管道才能维持当前价格。

每当达到价格和价值之间的这种关系时,它就会变得难以维持。当然,这在Web3中并不新奇,同样的事情也会发生在劳力士手表、房价或特斯拉这样的股票上。我们在最近经常谈到了这一点:

庞氏骗局追逐的是价格,而不是价值。

一切都归结为价值。项目创造了什么价值,它是否可能创造更多的价值?基于上述SEC的评价标准,或许我们可以创建一个对庞氏骗局的评估?

我们如何评估一个项目的庞氏程度?用NGMI分数。

在1到100的范围内,一个项目的庞氏程度是多少?我想我们要评估的并不完全是庞氏,还有传销和零和博弈性质,所以也许我们可以建立一个新的衡量标准。一个项目得分越高,它就越有可能需要更多资金来维持它的生存,也就是说,它可能无法成功。

我会考虑以下问题,评估项目的基本组成部分:

项目的感知价值是什么?它如何增加?

它是否承诺回报?风险有多大?它们从何而来(是否需要更多的资金来实现回报)?

价格走势的可持续性如何?

项目生产/销售什么?项目的销售/收入/收入流是否透明?

有多少代币被分配给了创始人/投资者/顾问,什么时候可以解锁?

在回答了这些问题之后,我们应该能够很好地理解项目得分的高低。

在一篇关于比特币的精彩文章中,Lyn Alden解释了为什么比特币不是一个庞氏骗局,并为比特币回答了上述很多问题。那么,让我们看看以太坊的得分如何。

以太坊是NGMI吗?

在Doombergs的图表中,我看到的以太坊是这样的:

让我们一个一个地过一遍这些问题:

项目的价值是什么?它如何增加?

与比特币类似,以太坊的价值来自于它提供的支付网络,但也来自于通过智能合约构建的其他应用程序的基础。想想Dapp、DAO和NFT,它们都需要以太坊。

在现实世界的使用价值仍然是有限的,因为你不能用ETH买咖啡,除了在DeFi中移动代币之外,它没有太多的用途。随着DAO成为工作、链上房地产和像Klima DAO等计划的未来,我们在现实世界的实用性上取得突破只是时间问题。

以太坊有一个活跃的开发者社区,他们致力于将区块链迁移到权益证明——撇开PoW与PoS的争论不谈,有人可能会认为较低的交易成本和可扩展性可能会增加它的价值。

Raoul Pal试图通过每日交易量X活跃用户数量来评估一个网络(如以太坊)的价值,而这在以太坊上无疑是在增长的。

在1到100的NGMI中,我给它打20分。

它是否承诺回报?风险有多大?它们从何而来(是否需要更多的资金来实现回报)?

以太坊2.0将允许持有人质押ETH以获得交易费收益分成。回报率不是特别高(4.7%的年回报率),考虑到以太坊的采用和分布,风险似乎是合理的。

回报来自对以太坊生态系统的使用。每笔交易都会产生一定的费用,这些费用会被支付给质押者/矿工。

代币终端给出了关于以太坊、L2和其上应用程序的收入流的信息。他们认为,EIP-1559引入的代币燃烧类似于股票回购,因此增加了流通中代币的价值。

在1到100的NGMI上,我给它打10分。

价格走势的可持续性如何?

该项目在过去两年取得了巨大的收益(自2020年3月以来为1950%),这当然吸引了许多投资者,并导致了价格进一步上涨。然而,如果市值翻一番,从3500亿美元增至7000亿美元,我们将看到它的估值与比特币目前的水平相当。

一方面,以太坊的杀手级用例可能指日可待,从而使网络变得非常有价值,又或者我们可能会看到以太坊合并遇到问题,使其价值降低。

根据现金流折现,考虑到交易费用每年增长200%(2021年达到98亿美元),彭博社分析师似乎对ETH的估值为6128美元。

在1到100的NGMI上,我给它打20分

项目生产/销售什么?项目的销售/收入/收入流是否透明?

对交易收取的费用让用户在一个用于存储交易和可执行智能合约的相当去中心化的不可变账本上购买一个slot。

和大多数区块链一样,交易、gas费等数据可以在区块资源浏览器上看到(在这里是Etherscan)。透明度在这里不是一个问题。

即使是新引入的代币燃烧机制也是非常透明的。

在1到100的NGMI上,我给它打1分。

有多少代币被分配给了创始人/投资者/顾问,什么时候可以解锁?

超过50%的流通供应给了早期贡献者,这当然是很多的。这些供应都没有被锁定。

在1到100的NGMI中,我给它打50分。

总结

以太坊诞生于2015年,并已被证明至少具有一定程度的价值。它不承诺任何回报,即使有些人可能会说ETH交易价格很高,但它确实提供了可能随着时间增长的价值。

流入的管道不需要大于流出。这里的相关指标是使用量。如果使用以太坊,交易费用将被收取并支付给矿工/质押者,从而给他们带来投资回报,并类似于股票回购一样燃烧代币。如果使用量维持甚至增长,它一定是有价值的。

基于上述内容,我对以太坊的打分在20左右。

在设计自己的代币时,了解庞氏骗局的构成可能是有用的,因为我们想清楚透明地了解我们所做的事情以及为什么它有价值。显然,创建一个评估框架并建立NGMI评分来评估项目是我们已经在创造的价值的一部分。

文章到了最后,还是回到我们尘埃科技每一篇文章中都要强调的那句话,投资需谨慎,请大家一定要不要被高回报这些词冲昏了头脑。

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