NFT 的核心价值到底是什么?

Chainlink预言机Published on 2022-10-19Last updated on 2022-10-19

Abstract

如果你在街头随机采访路人,问他们对非同质化通证(NFT)的看法,你会听到哪些答案?有人会吐槽说NFT是超级贵的卡通猿猴图片或推特头像;有人会一知半解地跟你聊cryptocurrency;有人会说到一些明星的名字;还会有人提到“泡沫”这个词。

如果你在街头随机采访路人,问他们对非同质化通证(NFT)的看法,你会听到哪些答案?有人会吐槽说NFT是超级贵的卡通猿猴图片或推特头像;有人会一知半解地跟你聊cryptocurrency;有人会说到一些明星的名字;还会有人提到“泡沫”这个词。

总而言之,很多人都觉得NFT的标签就是轻浮、奢侈和非理性。这种观点其实也无可厚非,但实际上NFT的核心价值远非如此。如果你能透过现象看本质,就能发现其中的奥妙。

随着NFT的市场价值和关注度双双崩盘,许多人开始质疑它作为一项技术以及文化趋势的可持续性。NFT市场泡沫的破裂是否印证了NFT只是注定将消失的投机资产呢?归根到底,NFT到底有什么实用价值呢?

不过话说回来,实用价值并不是如今艺术或藏品NFT的关注重点。毕竟,Rembrandt或Damien Hirst的实物艺术作品,莫扎特或披头士的音乐作品,或法贝热彩蛋或爱马仕铂金包等奢侈品的价值也与它们的实用价值毫无关系。当然,大多数NFT艺术家还没达到Rembrandt的水平,但至少Damien Hirst也加入了这个行列中。

看待NFT的一个重要视角是将它看作一种创作艺术和藏品的新媒介。在过去几个世纪以来,无论是油画、电吉他还是照相机,这些技术创新都不可避免地颠覆了艺术创作和展示的方式。NFT也是这段漫长历史中的一个节点。一个活跃的社区正在使用机器学习生成艺术品,以此探索创新的艺术表达方式。这种数字艺术会随着环境以及社区共创等外部因素而不断变化。

此外,NFT本身也具有实用价值,并且价值还会不断增长。比如NFT可以有效解决传统艺术品市场的关键问题,其中包括溯源和版税支付这两大块。

溯源

纽约大都会博物馆的前任董事Thomas Hoving估计他检验过的文物中约40%(包括许多放在博物馆的文物)都是伪造或来历不明的。虽然很多人对这个比例表示怀疑,甚至质疑他对“伪造”的定义,但毫无疑问传统艺术品市场确实存在许多问题。

其中很多问题都跟溯源有关(注:溯源指追踪艺术品的创作历史以及经手人)溯源有助于判断一件艺术品的真假以及价值。如果无法适当溯源,就可能会出现“惊吓”。比如导演斯皮尔伯格发现他买的Norman Rockwell的画作是被盗来的;盖蒂中心发现斥资1000万美元买的古希腊雕像来路不明。

而NFT可以将溯源信息记录在区块链上,任何人都无法篡改。所有权由区块链地址甄别,可以公开查看,并且无法被伪造。另外,还可以在链上公开竞拍信息和身份信息,以建立强大的溯源机制,解决艺术品市场各种屡见不鲜的问题,比如洗钱。

版税

艺术家一辈子穷困潦倒,死的时候身无分文,这种故事我们经常会听到,比如梵高。这些故事提醒了我们艺术家经常会在艺术市场中被压榨。他们的作品在二级市场中出售时创作者本人通常不会收到版税,这点在美国听起来很令人惊讶,但在其他地方却十分常见。很多人都听说过这个故事:艺术家Robert Rauschenberg的画作“融化”(“Thaw”)在苏富比拍卖行拍卖,藏家以85000美元的价格卖出画作,而他最初从艺术家手里买这幅画的时候只花了900美元。Rauschenberg向那名藏家大吼说:“我累死累活画画结果就是在为你赚钱!”

NFT可以自动执行版税支付(不过由于技术问题而产生了一些漏洞)。也许更重要的是让艺术家有权决定其作品在之后的一系列出售条款。比如,艺术家可以设置她的NFT售价不能超过1000美元。或者她可以行使类似法国《著作权法》的权力,在作品出售后仍可以保留一定控制权。在一些情况下,作者甚至可以将作品毁掉。

虽然一些买家可能会反对让NFT创作者保留如此大的控制权,但区块链的透明性确实可以保障所有参与者都能够在充分知情的情况下做出决策。

问题和潜在的解决方案

如今的NFT市场也充斥着各种问题。未经授权复制作品的行为屡禁不止。虚买虚卖的情况也时常发生,这是指为了炒作NFT而人为制造交易量。实物艺术品会面临折旧和损坏的问题,这一点很难解决,比如放在甲醛中的鲨鱼。而NFT也面临着类似的挑战,只是换成了数字环境。NFT生态的存储安全是一枚定时炸弹,因为许多NFT内容都储存在付费云服务中,如果停止续费内容就可能会消失。

另一个大问题是bot入侵。NFT通常都是通过空投出售的(注:空投指一个系列中几千个NFT同时出售)。当关注度很高的NFT项目空投时,有人会用bots将NFT全部买光,之后等价格上去后再转手卖掉。而事实证明,对于每个客户设置购买上限也很难操作。

所幸区块链在不断发展,之后人们将可以证明自己的身份,展示独特的身份信息并同时保护个人隐私。比如我在康奈尔大学的研究小组用一个数字艺术家的NFT作品进行了抽奖。在抽奖中,每个人只能获得一次免费的抽奖券,但需要事先使用保护隐私的预言机技术向我们证明他持有社保卡号。

区块链社区正在致力于研究去中心化身份这一课题。其本质上是一个保护隐私的系统,其中用户可以控制自己的身份证明信息。试想一下,你的驾驶证被做成数字版本,然后你可以选择如何在网上展示你的驾驶证信息。比如驾驶证可以证明你是加州的居民,但同时隐藏你的出生日期。去中心化身份系统可以让NFT市场实现购买限制等各种功能。比如,一名NFT艺术家告诉我的研究小组说,他希望能够自动为其他艺术家打折。目前还没有好的方法可以实现这个功能,但一旦开发出去中心化的身份系统为艺术家进行身份认证,就可以实现这一点。

强大的身份系统还可以保障买家从真正的创作者那里买到NFT,而不是仿冒者。

最终,NFT市场可以建立一个“政策引擎”,让创作者可以通过不同方式来打造其作品的整个生命周期。他们可以设置出售和转手的条件;可以将NFT设置成动态的;可以对粉丝打折或提供奖励;可以像画廊在传统艺术市场一样,在NFT世界也创建爱好者社区。也许政策引擎可以解决“投机定价或投资心态”等破坏NFT市场氛围的问题,而这些问题也导致了微软旗下的游戏“我的世界”(Minecraft)今年禁止了NFT。

数字艺术以外的领域

人类正在迁徙到互联网上,越来越多地沉浸在元宇宙的数字内容和视觉体验中。年轻人正在抛弃实体资产,许多技术派相信NFT将在未来代表元宇宙中从包裹、土地到宝剑等一切物品。无论NFT最终发展成什么形式,都将决定我们在元宇宙中的体验。Facebook最近更名为Meta,以回应元宇宙趋势的兴起,并在Instagram中集成了NFT,这绝非巧合。

NFT还有许多其他应用场景,比如代表现实世界中的物品。在未来的房地产市场中,公寓可以作为NFT销售。耐克、时代杂志和蒂凡尼等大企业也正在使用或发行NFT,并通过NFT来为客户提供体验更加丰富的活动票务系统。

当然我们也不得不承认,虽然NFT拥有巨大潜力,但却并非尽善尽美。我们不能掩盖NFT所带来的问题,比如一些cryptocurrency市场上的骗局,或者冒名顶替艺术家等新型犯罪。因此,本文中提到的技术工具以及基于社区来保护消费者的机制就显得尤为重要。

无论如何,NFT都将持续发展下去,并实现更强大且创新的功能。无论你喜不喜欢,NFT这股文化风潮都将继续走下去。

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