丢失、遗忘或死亡,比特币比想象的更“稀缺”?

华尔街日报Published on 2025-09-08Last updated on 2025-09-08

比特币的供应上限是2100万枚,但真正可供流通的数量可能远低于此。

近日,根据数据机构“Sound Money Report”追踪,多份链上分析报告的估算显示,因私钥遗忘、硬盘损坏或所有者意外死亡等原因,可能已有230万至780万枚比特币永久退出流通。这意味着,当前约1990万枚的流通供应量,有效数量可能低至1210至1760万枚。

比特币的创造者中本聪在2010年4月曾于BitcoinTalk论坛上预言:“丢失的比特币只会让其他人的币更值钱一点。把它看作是对每个人的捐赠。”如今,这句十多年前的评论,正以前所未有的规模演变为现实。

无法挽回的数字财富

与股票或债券等传统资产不同,比特币的世界里没有“挂失补办”。“不是你的密钥,就不是你的币”(Not your keys, not your coins)这句加密世界的名言,在现实中往往演变成更残酷的“没有密钥,就没有币”(No keys, no coins)。

一旦私钥——那串独一无二的256位密码——丢失,对应的比特币便会成为区块链上可见但永远无法触及的“幽灵资产”。而这样的案例屡见不鲜,比如:

  • 据报道,威尔士IT工程师James Howells在2013年误将存有8000枚比特币私钥的硬盘丢弃,这笔资产如今价值近9亿美元。

  • 前Ripple首席技术官Stefan Thomas则忘记了包含7002枚比特币的加密硬盘密码,在10次尝试机会仅剩2次时,陷入了无尽的绝望。

  • 更有因意外离世而带走巨额财富的案例。加拿大加密货币交易所QuadrigaCX的首席执行官Gerald Cotten据称于2018年去世,导致价值1.9亿美元的客户资金(包括大量比特币)无人可以访问。

据Sound Money Report整合的多方数据显示,对这些永久丢失比特币的估算范围在230万至780万枚之间。

  • 莱杰公司(Ledger)在2025年5月的一份报告中援引分析师的估算称,丢失数量在230万至370万枚之间,约占总量11%-18%。

  • 凯恩岛数字分析师Timothy Peterson在2025年6月的报告中估计,有超过600万枚BTC已无法挽回。

  • 区块链分析平台GlassnodeARK Invest在2023年的一项研究则估算出约780万枚BTC处于“被囤积或丢失”状态,尽管该数据可能因包含长期不动的“囤币”地址而偏高,约占总供应量39%(截至2025年9月8日,已挖掘比特币约1990万枚)。

尽管各方在统计口径上存在差异,但这些数据共同指向一个事实:存在一个规模庞大且不断增长的永久损失的比特币池。

隐形“供应冲击”:被低估的稀缺性

这股由丢失比特币形成的“隐形供应冲击”,其规模远比市场热议的机构采用更为庞大。

截至2025年8月的数据显示,所有现货比特币ETF合计持有约103.6万枚比特币,而根据Bitcoin Treasuries网站统计,全球前100家上市公司的比特币持仓总量约为98.8万枚,还有一些知名公司持有部分比特币。将ETF和企业持有的比特币加起来,大约是220万。

这意味着,即便以最保守的230万枚丢失量计算,永久退出流通的比特币数量也已经超过了华尔街和全球企业巨头们持有的总和。

当市场焦点还停留在贝莱德的IBIT基金流入了多少资金,或MicroStrategy又增持了多少比特币时,一个规模更宏大、影响更深远的供应紧缩正在悄然发生。

比特币的真实市值或被高估约5000亿美元

以当前已挖出的1990万枚比特币为基数,减去一个中位数估算的500万枚丢失比特币,再减去机构持有的220万枚,并假设个人长期投资者“囤积”了约380万枚,最终得出市场上真正可供交易的比特币自由流通量可能仅为890万枚,约占已挖出总量的45%。 相比之下,标普500指数成分股的自由流通比例通常在70%-90%之间。

因此,当前媒体报道的超过2.1万亿美元的比特币总市值,实际上也包含了一个“幻象”。如果剔除500万枚“幽灵比特币”,其真实市值应约为1.6万亿美元,凭空蒸发了约5000亿美元。

总而言之,比特币的稀缺性远超其2100万枚的纸面设定。这场由丢失、遗忘和死亡构成的“沉默通缩”,在持续不断地减少着比特币的实际供应,其影响力和规模都远超当前主流金融媒体的关注范畴。

市场逐渐意识到这一“比想象中更稀缺”。

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