特朗普关税即将正式生效,全球经济的考验才刚刚开始

深潮Published on 2025-08-06Last updated on 2025-08-07

美国特朗普政府重塑全球贸易格局的激进举措,正将美国和世界经济带入一片未知水域。

撰文:龙玥,华尔街见闻

美国特朗普政府重塑全球贸易格局的激进举措,正将美国推入一个充满不确定性的保护主义新阶段,也为全球经济带来严峻考验。这项政策能否如预期般重振美国制造业尚待观察,但其引发通胀和冲击金融市场的潜在风险已日益凸显。

据媒体周四最新报道,美国全面关税政策于纽约时间周四凌晨后开始执行生效。此前,美国海关与边境保护局获得了一周时间进行必要调整。在经历了数月混乱的威胁与反复后,美国几乎所有的贸易伙伴都将面临更高的关税壁垒。

据估算,新关税将把美国的平均关税税率从去年的 2.3% 推高至 15.2% 的惊人水平。据央视新闻,当地时间 7 月 31 日,白宫发布行政令,对部分国家重新设定「对等关税」税率标准:行政令附件 1 中列明国家将适用个别税率,未列明国家则统一适用 10% 的税率;如有国家或地区通过第三地转运方式规避关税,其商品将被征收 40% 的转运税。白宫公告称,新关税 8 月 7 日生效。

这一举措已在金融市场引发警觉。华尔街主要机构的分析师警告称,投资者应为市场回调做好准备。摩根士丹利、德意志银行和 Evercore ISI 均在本周一的报告中指出,标普 500 指数在未来几周或几个月内或将面临短期下跌。

关税细节悬而未决,全球供应链持续承压

自特朗普在今年 4 月首次宣布并随后暂停关税以来,全球经济一直笼罩在动荡之中,各国与美国展开了数月的紧张谈判。这种不确定性给企业带来了关于供应链中断和成本上升的普遍焦虑。

如今,新关税的大框架已经落地,大多数经济体已经接受了高关税将长期存在的现实。许多国家已承诺向美国投入数千亿美元的投资,以换取较低的关税税率。

然而,特朗普计划中的关键细节仍悬而未决,给全球供应链带来了持续的不确定性。

例如,针对欧盟、日本和韩国的汽车关税优惠尚未立法确认,在此之前,汽车仍将面临更高的费用。欧盟、日本和韩国等已与特朗普达成协议的国家,其谈判代表仍在幕后继续向美国官员争取重点出口行业的进一步减免。此外,关于投资承诺和市场准入政策调整的具体细节也尚未公布。

与此同时,一些国家旨在争取更有利条件的最后努力宣告失败。瑞士总统周三离开华盛顿,未能成功降低其面临的 39% 关税。另据央视新闻,周三特朗普签署行政命令,对来自印度的商品加征 25% 的额外关税,以回应印继续「直接或间接进口俄罗斯石油」。

目前,与美国最大的几个贸易伙伴——墨西哥、加拿大的关税谈判仍在另一条轨道上独立进行。特朗普还誓言,将很快公布针对制药等关键行业的关税计划。央视称,特朗普已经宣布将对芯片和半导体征收约 100% 的关税。

经济警报:艰难时期降至

特朗普坚称,高关税将大幅削减贸易逆差,并迫使企业将制造业迁回美国。但批评者认为,此举可能导致通货膨胀失控,并造成商店货架商品短缺。

尽管全面的经济影响尚未显现,但近期的经济数据已亮起红灯。据报道,7 月份的就业数据显示,美国就业增长出现了自新冠疫情以来最急剧的向下修正。同时,由于消费者支出放缓和企业适应贸易政策变化,美国今年上半年的经济增长已经放缓。

目前,失业率依然处于低位,物价也未出现飙升,部分原因是企业迄今为止消化了大部分增加的成本。但专家警告称,这种局面难以持续。亚洲协会政策研究所副主席、前美国贸易谈判代表 Wendy Cutler 表示:「有迹象表明,更艰难的时期即将来临。许多公司在关税生效前建立了库存。」她认为,由于企业不太可能长期承受较低的利润率,「价格上涨几乎是不可避免的」。

关税收入增长、制造业繁荣两者相悖

尽管面临重重挑战,特朗普坚称他的举措将开启一个新的经济黄金时代,并对不符合其叙事的经济数据予以驳斥。他同时对不断增长的关税收入大加赞赏,甚至暗示这可能为部分美国人带来退税支票。美国财政部数据显示,在截至 6 月的九个月里,关税收入已飙升至创纪录的 1130 亿美元。

然而,该计划的另一个明确目标——将生产带回美国——是否取得进展尚不清楚。乔治城大学麦克多诺商学院教授 Brad Jensen 指出了其政策目标之间的内在矛盾。他表示,同时实现关税收入增长和制造业就业繁荣是困难的。

「两者不可能同时为真,」他解释道,「如果国内制造业出现回升,那么我们就不会有那么多关税收入」,因为进口商品将会减少。这一根本性的矛盾,为特朗普贸易议程的长期可行性打上了一个巨大的问号。

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