ParaFi深度解析 EIP-4844后以太坊L1与L2的经济关系

marsbitPublished on 2024-08-22Last updated on 2024-08-22

ParaFi 团队一直在深入研究 EIP-4844 实施后以太坊的活动情况。我们关注了三个关键问题:

  1. 以太坊的销毁机制最新进展如何?
  2. 二层网络(L2)的发展情况如何?
  3. L2 与以太坊之间的经济关系是什么?

在 EIP-1559 和合并(The Merge)之后,人们对以太坊作为一个现金流生成资产的经济模型充满了期待。在这两次升级后,ETH 的供应量确实下降了,从 2022 年 9 月到 2024 年 4 月,供应量减少了约 0.38%,但自那时以来,由于销毁率的减缓,供应量又开始上升。

过去 12 个月里,ETH 的质押奖励率呈下降趋势,原因是以太坊验证者的数量在过去一年中增长了 79%,而 L1 的交易费用也有所下降。

虽然销毁速度减缓,但与 Uniswap、Tether、1inch 和 MetaMask 相关的智能合约仍然是以太坊上主要的 gas 消耗来源。

ParaFi

Arbitrum 和 ZKsync 在 2023 年是主要的 gas 用户,但今年有所下降,部分原因是 EIP-4844 帮助 L2 通过降低数据存储需求,以更高的成本效率发布数据。

过去两年半里,以太坊的交易数量保持相对稳定,而 L2 的总交易量在 2024 年 8 月超过了 L1 的 10 倍。

L2 活动的增长归因于新的 L2 的推出以及一些现有 L2 的成功表现。自 3 月以来,Base 和 Arbitrum 的每日交易量均超过了以太坊。这是以太坊路线图设计的一部分,因为汇总(rollups)是以太坊扩展性的关键,通过利用以太坊的安全性,为主网提供了更便宜的执行替代方案。

虽然这张图表汇总了多个 L2 的交易量,但每一个 L2 都为以太坊提供了替代的区块空间,突显了 L1 活动向 L2 迁移的趋势。

以太坊 L2 的日益重要性也体现在它们吸引了以太坊去中心化交易所(DEX)市场份额的能力上。在 EIP-4844 升级后,以太坊 L2 将以太坊的 DEX 市场份额压低至 60% 以下。

这也强调了随着越来越多的 rollups 网络出现,流动性环境正在变得更加分散。

ParaFi

尽管这些 L2 成功显著,但由于 EIP-4844 升级,它们在以太坊上发布数据的成本相对较低。EIP-4844 于 2024 年 3 月实施,为以太坊引入了一种名为“blobs”的新数据存储机制,相较于之前的 calldata 结构,这是一种更便宜的替代方案。

2024 年 3 月,L2 在以太坊上的费用超过了 10,000 ETH,但到 7 月份,这一费用下降到不足 400 ETH,下降了约 96%。随着成本的下降,L2 对 ETH 销毁的贡献也大大减少,并帮助降低了主网上的 gas 价格。

ParaFi

由于需要在链上发布大量交易摘要数据,L2 迅速采用了 blobs。自 6 月初以来,每天至少有 16,000 个 blobs 发布在以太坊上。这导致主要 L2 所花费的总费用比例从 2024 年的 12% 下降到 1%。

ParaFi

自 EIP-4844 实施以来,L2 的运营利润率大幅提高。虽然今年迄今为止,扩展解决方案的总排序器收入(在 L2 网络上支付的费用总和)平均下降了约 48%,但运营成本也下降了约 87%,这意味着 rollups 现在保留了大部分收入。

许多主要的 L2 现在的运营利润率超过了 90%,即使在将显著的成本节省转嫁给用户之后也是如此。用户在使用 blobs 的网络上享受到了约 90% 的费用下降,过去一年的中位数交易成本通常低于 0.01 美元。

ParaFi

EIP-4844 对以太坊 L1 产生了显著影响。

虽然 L2 使用量激增,但 ETH 作为一种资产的直接收益并不十分明显。

过去几个月里,ETH 的销毁率下降,导致流向 ETH 的价值减少,尽管 L2 的利润大幅上升。

这给以太坊生态系统留下了许多值得思考的问题:

  • 随着 L2 使用量的持续增长,L2 代币将发挥什么作用?L2 代币与 ETH 相比会捕获多少价值?
  • 汇总相对于以太坊的收益是否不成比例?或者这种结构是否理想,以吸引更多用户和开发者进入更广泛的以太坊空间?
  • 随着更多 L2 的推出,用户和流动性如何在这些不同网络之间进行互操作?
  • 以太坊主网费用现已处于历史低位,开发者会重新考虑直接在 L1 部署吗,还是 L2 环境仍然更具吸引力?

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