美国经济和市场的短期利好 可能会成为长期隐患

币界网Published on 2024-08-20Last updated on 2024-08-20

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来源:巴伦中文

目前美国经济和市场状况确实在好转,但代价是长期内经济和市场的恶化。

上周是美国股市今年以来表现最好的一周,8月5日的暴跌似乎已经成为了遥远的回忆,其他复苏迹象也正在出现:由迈克尔·哈奈特(Michael Hartnett)带领的美国银行(Bank of America)研究团队指出,抵押贷款再融资活动显著升温;美国独立企业联合会(NFIB)的最新调查显示,小企业的乐观情绪升至2022年2月以来的最高水平。

债券收益率的下降被认为是“动物精神”回归的原因,基准10年期美国国债收益率从去年底接近5%的峰值下降到了4%以下,抵押贷款利率随之降至16个月低点。不过,美国银行的研究团队同时指出,借贷成本下降还没有转化为房屋购买行为增多或者小企业资本支出回升。那么,既然情况不会变得更糟了,也许情况正在好转。

密歇根大学上周五(8月16日)公布的最新调查显示,美国消费者情绪似乎正在改善。卡玛拉·哈里斯(Kamala Harris)取代拜登成为民主党总统候选人之后,支持民主党的选民和独立选民深受鼓舞,这部分消费者情绪的改善最为显著。(不过,支持共和党的消费者情绪有所下降。)

一周前,AlphaWis为摩根士丹利(Morgan Stanley)开展的一项消费者调查结果和密歇根大学的调查结果类似,该调查发现,自称“走中间路线”的消费者情绪改善幅度最大,认为美国经济会恶化的受访者比例从一个月前的47%降至36%,认为美国经济会好转的受访者比例从28%升至37%。

支持民主党的美国人终于可以肯定地回答罗纳德·里根(Ronald Reagan)在1980年和吉米·卡特(Jimmy Carter)竞选总统时提出的那个著名的问题:你比四年前过得更好了吗?

阿肯色经济研究中心(Arkansas Center for Research in Economics)主任杰里米·霍珀达尔(Jeremy Horpedahl)在一篇文章中指出,截至今年7月,拜登政府执政期间经CPI调整后的实际工资涨幅为0.3%。在民主党人开始庆祝之前,他们应该注意到,根据霍佩达尔的研究,特朗普执政期间实际工资涨幅为6.6%。

投资方面,BNY Wealth股票投资业务负责人艾丽西娅·莱文(Alicia Levine)自从8月初的市场动荡以来一直持看涨立场,对9月市场的表现也持乐观态度,她指出,9月对市场来说“向来不是平静的一个月”,不过,由于美联储可能会降息25个基点,与此同时,美国经济似乎正在实现很多人所说的“软着陆”,她预计年底时标普500指数将达到5700点,较上周收盘价上涨2.6%,略高于该指数7月中旬触及的5669.67点的峰值。

莱文认为,继续投资于收益率在5%以上的现金等价物的投资者面临回报下降的风险(货币市场基金的资管规模在最近一周创下6.15万亿美元的新纪录),她敦促投资者转向5年至7年期免税市政债,市政债收益率的降幅一直小于长期美国国债收益率的降幅。

此外,考虑到美国股市通常会在总统大选年强劲上涨这一点,Strategas负责人杰森·德西那·特伦纳特(Jason DeSena Trennert)认为,在11月5日大选日之前做空风险资产可能是危险的,他在发给客户的一份报告中写道,现任总统为了获得连任而采取一些促进经济增长的措施是两党的常见做法,但“本届政府采取的这类行动达到了美国经济史上前所未见的水平”。

美国国税局(IRS)重启的员工留任税收抵免(Employee Retention Credit)的支付此前曾向美国经济注入了2320亿美元,但特伦纳特称其中充斥着欺诈行为。据Strategas华盛顿研究团队估计,该方案的首批付款总额为50亿美元,将于9月初支付,另外200亿美元将在年底前支付。

特伦纳特指出,另一方面,美国的战略石油储备已降至41年来的最低水平,在中东处于战争边缘的情况下,释放战略石油储备降低了美国人的汽油费。与此同时,美国财政部通过发行短期国债来压低长期利率,特伦纳特说:“这是一种旨在掩盖预算赤字占GDP的比例持续高达7%带来的长期经济后果的一种短期策略。”

为这些财政方面的过度行为买单的日子迟早会到来,“然而,在短期内,巨额财政赤字、减少长期债券的发行以及美联储降息这些因素结合起来,可能会给金融资产的表现带来提振。”特伦纳特说。

就目前而言,美国经济和市场的情况确实在好转,但这可能是以长期内经济和市场的恶化为代价的。

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