一文详解U卡境内运营和使用的合规风险

币界网Опубліковано о 2024-08-02Востаннє оновлено о 2024-08-02

币界网报道:

以区块链技术为基础,虚拟货币的价值逐渐显化,并随着信息技术的成熟而不断发展。1不同于价值浮动空间较大的比特币,U币(USDT)与美元锚定,属于稳定币,波动性小, 因为成为币圈交易的介质。由于U币的出金伴随的法律问题,U卡应运而生,由于国内对虚拟货币的限制,U卡的国内运营和使用同样伴随着一些法律合规问题。

一、U卡的运行机制

(一)U币的概念及性质

USDT,又称泰达币,是由泰德(Tether)公司推出的一种虚拟货币,具有交易、存储、消费支付等功能。U币属于稳定币,与法定货币美元挂钩以实现价值稳定;U币与同等数量的美元等值,泰德公司对U币提供1:1的预存美元资金保障,用户可以随时在U币与美元之间进行兑换。其建立旨在提供一种价值相对稳定的虚拟货币币种,加速货币流通,增强交易信任。U币相较于比特币(BTC)等具有更高的价值稳定性,尽管如此,和人民币等法定货币相比,U币不具有法偿性这一重要特征,因而根据我国2017年9月4日《关于防范代币发行融资风险的公告》(以下简称《公告》)和2021年9月24日《关于进一步防范和处置虚拟货币交易炒作风险的通知》(以下简称《通知》)的规定,U币等虚拟货币在我国仍然属于虚拟商品,不应及不能作为货币在市场上流通使用。

(二)U卡介绍及使用流程

U卡既有实体卡也有虚拟卡,其功能基本相同,是在基础功能之外支持U币充值、消费或者取现的银行卡,最大的特点在于可以方便、快捷的通过U币进行跨境资金的转移和转换。现有常见U卡有万事达U卡(Unioncash Card)、银联U卡、dupay等。实体卡如万事达U卡是Paytend推出的国际信用卡,可接受范围更广且接受度更高,更适合国外旅游或者消费;银联U卡则在国内受理范围相对更广。Dupay等虚拟卡多用于电子商务或者国际支付,更加便捷和灵活,但是无法在ATM机进行取现操作。

U卡的使用流程可以概括如下:用户持有U币和U卡,将U币从钱包地址充值进U卡地址后,即可直接使用U卡进行消费或者取现。钱包地址是加密钱包提供商在用户创建后随机生成的数字、字母组合,具有唯一性,用户可以自由对外提供以进行包括U币在内的加密货币交易操作。U币充值时会被U卡运营方结算为外币,由运营方与国内银行进行国际清、结算。因此,用户可以在中国境内直接使用U卡,消费或取现的对象仍然是人民币,即法定货币。

二、U卡境内代理或运营公司的刑事法律风险

(一)U币交易本身的法律问题

由上可知,在进行U卡充值时,充值进卡的是U币这一虚拟货币,但在消费等支付结算过程最终落地的并非虚拟货币,而仍然是法定货币。具体以万事达U卡为例,在其提供服务期间,用户可以在国内使用人民币购买U币,将U币充值进万事达U卡后,在国外ATM机取出相应的外币。同样,用户可以通过将使用外币购买的U币充值到万事达U卡,来在国内ATM机提取人民币。这种充、取货币的行为被形象地称为入金和出金。出、入金环节虽然有KYC,即要求用户提供身份验证资料的环节作为门槛,但是这种门槛是较为基础和简单的,出、入金实际上还是能够完成游离于我国外汇管理制度之外的人民币和外币兑换。

虽然我国暂时没有专门针对包括U币等在内的虚拟货币的立法,但是相关政策的态度一直是明确的,即否定其具有法定货币地位,也不允许其与法定货币互兑换。例如,2017年《公告》第三条强调平台不得从事法定货币与虚拟货币之间的相互兑换业务,不得买卖或提供定价、信息中介等服务。2在此基础上,由于避开了国家外汇管理制度,提供人民币与外币的客观、私下兑换途径,相关平台还可能实际涉足非法换汇。根据我国《刑法》第二百二十五条对非法经营罪的规定,非法换汇属于第(三)项中的“非法从事资金支付结算业务”。无论是U卡境内代理还是运营公司,在提供U卡出、入金支持的客观基础上,实施U币交易、严重扰乱市场秩序的,可能触犯非法经营罪。3在最高人民检察院和国家外汇管理局联合发布的《惩治涉外汇违法犯罪典型案例》(以下简称《典型案例》)中已经出现相关案例,如“赵某等人非法经营案”,其“典型意义”就强调了被告人“以虚拟货币为媒介,实现人民币与外汇兑换的行为,构成非法经营罪。”4

(二)U币交易涉及其他法律问题

根据2021年《通知》第一条第(三)项,对U卡平台境内工作人员、符合条件的境内代理或运营公司,将依法追究有关责任。5除因违反国家外汇管理制度导致的行政违法责任及上述构成非法经营罪的刑事责任之外,U卡境内代理或运营公司还可能构成帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪。因为现有U卡均为国外发行,通常U卡境内代理及运营公司由于业务需要,将不可避免的为U币、U卡及相关交易提供互联网技术支持、广告推广宣传等服务。根据我国《刑法》第二百八十七条之二的规定,如果交易过程中存在利用信息网络犯罪的行为,且被证明或者推定明知他人利用信息网络实施犯罪,U卡境内代理及运营公司则可能构成帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪。

此外,U币作为一种相对新兴的存在,大部分人对其并不了解,无法透过现象看本质。一方面,利用公众对U币的不熟悉,甚至有以U卡代理或运营商名义进行网络传销、诈骗等情形发生。另一方面,U币是具有财产性质的美元代币,其交易流通属于金融活动,在国家不承认其法定货币地位并禁止相关业务活动的前提下,提供U卡及其渠道的代理或运营商行为具有非法性,又可能涉嫌相应破坏金融管理秩序罪。

三、U卡用户行为评析

在交易所涉款项和U币来源合法的前提下,用户使用U卡的非经营性常规用卡行为通常不会构成非法经营罪。但是,根据U卡的运行机制,在“人民币-U币-外币”或者“外币-U币-人民币”的交易模式下,因为规避了我国的外汇管理,根据《外汇管理条例》第四十五条,可能受到外汇管理机关的行政处罚。

因为U币具有匿名性、保密性等特征,存入U卡的U币或用于购买U币的资金可能来源于上游犯罪行为。如果交易所涉款项或者U币来源不合法,基于用户使用U卡的客观行为,包括但不限于提供账户、转换、转移资产、提供支付结算帮助,在主观具备明、应知的条件下,U卡用户可能根据具体情况构成洗钱罪、掩饰、隐瞒犯罪所得、犯罪所得收益罪(以下简称掩隐罪)或者帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪(以下简称帮信罪)。

例如,在刘某走私、贩卖等案中,刘某在毒品交易中使用U币进行结算,方式隐蔽并将资金转移,构成洗钱罪。6不过实践中除了自洗钱等特殊情况外,能够直接认定确定明知的情形较少,通常还需根据司法解释等相关规定对被告人主观状态做推定。根据2009年最高法对洗钱等罪的司法解释,7对被告人明知的认定应当结合其认知、收益的种类、数额和收益处理方式等进行判断。对于没有正当理由,以不正常途径、价格、方式进行交易的,除有相反证据证明确实不知,通常会推定系明知。在万里盛、喻震宇等掩饰、隐瞒犯罪所得案中,四被告人在异常交易地点——宾馆房间内将上线所汇款项用以购买U币,转移资金并获利,法院就认为其“明知是犯罪所得而予以协助转移,情节严重”,判决四被告人构成掩隐罪。8类似的,实践中收取或者变相收取高价“手续费”、使用匿名或者加密聊天工具沟通交易等足以证明U卡用户具有主观明知的情形,可能根据上游犯罪的不同类型,分别构成洗钱罪或者掩隐罪。

而《典型案例》之二“郭某钊等人非法经营、帮助信息网络犯罪活动案”9中,被告人詹某祥提供身份证供范某玭等人注册虚拟货币交易账户用于涉案交易,虽然没有对范某玭等人非法经营行为的具体认识,但概括明知所帮助的行为是犯罪行为,因而构成帮信罪。根据2019年两高关于帮信罪的司法解释,10U卡用户使用U卡交易直接或间接为上游网路犯罪人员提供帮助的,即使对他人犯罪行为没有具体认识,也可能构成帮信罪。

四、结语

我国针对虚拟货币上下游的活动的政策经历了从限制到全面禁止的发展,对于U卡这一新生事物而言,境内代理或运营公司及U卡用户行为的风险防控和治理体系虽然尚未成熟,但是法律合规风险却不可忽视。

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