微软与 OpenAI「分手」:模型独家的时代终结了

marsbitОпубліковано о 2026-04-29Востаннє оновлено о 2026-04-29

作者:Ada,深潮 TechFlow

近日,微软和 OpenAI 联合宣布修订合作协议。独家云限制解除,IP 授权降为非独家,AGI 逃逸条款删除。

消息出来后,几乎所有中文媒体都在问同一个问题:谁赢了? 但这不是问题的核心。

这场「分手」真正埋葬的是整个 AI 行业上一个时代的竞争逻辑,谁绑定了最好的模型,谁就赢了。

而在新的游戏规则下,赌注从模型换成了另一样东西。

模型不稀缺了

先看一组数字。

OpenAI 目前披露的基础设施承诺总额是,与微软 Azure 签了 2500 亿美元,与 Oracle 的 Stargate 项目签了 3000 亿美元,与亚马逊 AWS 签了 1380 亿美元(包括原有 380 亿加新增的 1000 亿,8 年期)。

加起来超过 6800 亿美元,而 OpenAI 的年化收入大约只有 250 亿美元。

一家年入 250 亿的公司,签下了超 6800 亿的算力账单。OpenAI 是把自己卖给了算力供应商,它现在就是三大云厂商的锚定客户。

Anthropic 的情况同样如此。上周刚签完与亚马逊的扩大合作,承诺未来十年在 AWS 上花 1000 亿美元以上,换取 5 吉瓦的算力。四天后,又跟 Google 和 Broadcom 签了 3.5 吉瓦的 TPU 容量协议,预计 2027 年上线。再加上 Google 上周宣布的最高 400 亿美元投资,Anthropic 现在同时被两大云巨头锁定。

两家最前沿的 AI 公司,都在拿公司的未来换算力。

回头看微软 2019 年投 OpenAI 那 10 亿美元买的是什么?

是模型的独家分销权。Azure 独占 GPT 系列,其他云厂商的客户想用 OpenAI 的模型?对不起,搬到 Azure 来。

那是「模型稀缺」的年代。GPT 是唯一拿得出手的大语言模型,谁拥有它,谁就有定价权。

但 2026 年的现实是:模型不稀缺了。

Anthropic 的 Claude、Google 的 Gemini、Meta 开源的 Llama,全都跑在多个云平台上。Ramp 的企业支出数据显示,79%付费使用 Anthropic 的企业同时也在付费使用 OpenAI。企业客户根本不想被锁在一个平台上。

OpenAI 内部也看明白了。首席营收官 Denise Dresser 在 3 月的内部备忘录里写得很清楚:“与微软的合作奠定了我们的基础,但也限制了我们满足企业客户实际需求的能力。”

换句话说,独家绑定曾经是优势,现在是枷锁。

模型层正在快速商品化。当所有主流模型都能在所有主流云上跑的时候,模型独家分销权的价值趋近于零。

那什么东西的价值在涨?算力。

看看数据就知道了。亚马逊在两个月内分别向 OpenAI 和 Anthropic 各砸了数百亿美元。Google 一边投了 Anthropic 400 亿,一边继续投自家 Gemini。微软一边松开 OpenAI 的手,一边让 Mustafa Suleyman 带队搞独立的超级智能研究。

每一笔交易的核心都是算力、芯片和数据中心。模型反而变成了附赠品。

电力才是石油

回到微软和 OpenAI 的修订协议。

表面看,OpenAI 获得了自由,可以在 AWS 和 Google Cloud 上卖模型了。微软虽失去了独家权,但保住了 27%的股权和 2032 年前的非独家 IP 许可。

独家变非独家,听起来是 OpenAI 赢了,但 2500 亿美元的 Azure 采购承诺还在,OpenAI 产品仍然优先在 Azure 上线,除非微软选择不支持。这条也没变。这并不是解绑,是把一条链子换成了一根管道。以前靠合同,现在靠基础设施锁定你。

OpenAI 现在的处境是:它同时签了 Azure 2500 亿、AWS 1380 亿、Oracle 3000 亿的算力合同。每一份合同都是多年期,都附带特定的芯片架构和部署方案。它在技术上获得了「多云自由」,但在财务上被三家云厂商同时绑定。这看起来更像是从一个房东变成了三个房东。

把视角拉得更远一些。

2023 年,ChatGPT 横空出世,所有人都在说:模型是新石油。谁掌握了最好的模型,谁就掌握了未来。

两年半过去了,石油变成了自来水。模型还是重要的,但它不再稀缺。真正稀缺的是运行模型的电力、芯片和物理空间。

这和互联网的早期演化非常像。1990 年代,所有人都在抢内容和流量入口。最后赢的是修管道的:思科、AT&T、AWS。

现在 AI 行业正在经历同样的转折。模型公司以为自己是主角,签完算力合同回头一看,发现自己已经变成了云厂商的长期用户。那些千亿美元级的合同,不是赋能协议,是套牢协议。

微软放弃 OpenAI 的独家分销权,代价是什么?2500 亿美元的 Azure 收入承诺。

放在生意的层面上,微软亏了吗?

CNBC 的报道里提到,巴克莱分析师认为这对微软是边际利好。它将不用再承担 OpenAI 全部数据中心建设的资金压力,可以把钱释放到 Copilot 和其他云业务上。

微软用「独家权」换了「确定性收入」。从风险投资的逻辑转向了公用事业的逻辑。

整个 AI 行业都在发生这种转变。前沿模型公司烧钱的速度越来越快,云厂商收到的账单越来越厚。模型公司的估值波动剧烈,云厂商的现金流却稳定增长。

Axios 在上周的报道里提到一个细节:OpenAI 前一周还给投资者写信,把算力规模称为自己相对 Anthropic 的核心竞争优势,声称 Anthropic 犯了「没有获取足够算力的战略失误」。

几天后 Anthropic 就签了两笔总计超过 8 吉瓦的新算力协议。

这就是 2026 年的 AI 竞赛:不比谁的模型更聪明,比谁锁定了更多的电。

而这场重组里,有一个很少被讨论的受益者,是亚马逊。

亚马逊现在同时持有 Anthropic 和 OpenAI 的大额股权。两家最前沿的 AI 实验室,都承诺在 AWS 上花超过 1000 亿美元。

投 500 亿给 OpenAI,换回 1380 亿的 AWS 收入。投 330 亿给 Anthropic,换回 1000 亿以上的 AWS 收入。

亚马逊不在乎谁赢。它在乎的是,不管谁赢,电费账单都寄到我这。

合同的真相

就在微软和 OpenAI 宣布「解绑」的第二天,《华尔街日报》发表了一篇报道,称 OpenAI 在 2026 年第一季度连续多个月未达到内部收入目标,用户增长也低于预期。

CFO Sarah Friar 在内部警告称,如果收入增速不加快,公司可能无法负担未来的算力合同。

现实是,收入还卡在 250 亿,算力合同已经签到超 6800 亿。

市场的反应比任何评论都诚实。WSJ 报道当天,Oracle 股价跌 7.7%,CoreWeave 跌 7.4%,软银在东京跌了将近 10%,英伟达、AMD、Broadcom 跌 2%到 6%。投资者抛售的不是 OpenAI,而是所有指望 OpenAI 兑现算力账单的公司。

Gabelli Funds 的基金经理 John Belton 对 CNBC 说,OpenAI 的增长在 2025 年底到 2026 年初明显放缓,市场份额被 Anthropic 和 Gemini 蚕食。签了太多算力合同的 OpenAI 要付不起账单了。

这就是「独家时代结束」的真实图景。

OpenAI 获得了在三朵云上卖模型的自由。代价是同时被三朵云的算力合同绑定。它从微软的独家合作伙伴变成了 Azure、AWS 和 Oracle 的长期付费客户,每一份合同都是多年期,每一份都附带特定的芯片架构和部署方案,每一份都假设收入会持续高速增长。

OpenAI 以为自己拿到了议价权,但在算力供不应求的 2026 年,议价权不在模型公司这边。谁有电、有芯片、有物理空间,谁说了算。模型公司签的那些千亿美元级合同,不是采购协议,是卖身契。合同一签,搬家的成本就高到不可接受,当模型在 Trainium 上跑了两年,迁移到另一套芯片架构需要重新优化整个训练流程,这不是换个云账号那么简单。

OpenAI 和微软的「分手」看起来是 AI 行业的独立宣言,但翻开合同细节就会发现,Azure 2500 亿的承诺还在,CFO 正在内部警告账单可能付不起,收入连续未达标,竞争对手正在抢走市场份额,而所有这些问题的解决方案都是假设 2030 年的收入是今天的 11 倍。

那些修管道的人从来不跟你谈理想。他们只谈合同年限、交付时间表和违约条款。

这场 AI 军备竞赛最后的赢家,可能既不是模型最好的那家,也不是融资最多的那家。是那些收了定金、签了长约、不管谁赢都能收租的基础设施供应商。就像挖金矿的故事永远在重复,最后发财的,永远都是卖铲子的人。

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