DAO的监管第一枪已经打响,其他赛道还远吗?

老雅痞Pubblicato 2022-10-30Pubblicato ultima volta 2022-10-30

Introduzione

2022 年 9 月 23 日,美国商品期货交易委员会 CFTC 在美国加利福尼亚州北区地方法院对Ooki DAO 正式提起诉讼,并决定对 bZeroX, LLC 以及 bZx 协议的两位创始人处以 25 万美元的和解罚金。

2022 年 9 月 23 日,美国商品期货交易委员会 CFTC 在美国加利福尼亚州北区地方法院对Ooki DAO 正式提起诉讼,并决定对 bZeroX, LLC 以及 bZx 协议的两位创始人处以 25 万美元的和解罚金。

在 CFTC 的指控中,其认为 Ooki DAO 涉嫌利用去中心化的匿名组织结构逃避监管,并将Ooki DAO 认定为“由 Ooki 代币持有人组成的,且并从未以任何身份在委员会注册过的非法人协会”。

就此,去中心化自治组织监管合规第一案正式在美国加利福尼亚州打响。业内外人士普遍认为,此案将对未来的 DAO 监管产生广泛的影响。

DAO监管第一案

CFTC诉Ooki DAO案

Ooki 的前身是一个名为 bZx 的 DeFi 借贷协议,它是建立在以太坊之上的智能合约,该协议专注于借贷和保证金交易,其模式与 dYdX 较为类似。

bZx 协议的本地代币为 OOKI Token,Ooki 社区成员可以通过质押 OOKI Token 以及在 Ooki DAO 中投票来实现对协议的治理。

回到 CFTC 诉 Ooki DAO 案本身,该案件完全不同于以往的司法案件,在其司法流程中充斥着前所未见的难题。其中最大的难题在于,尽管 Ooki 社区成员参与了社区的投票治理,但大部分的 DAO 成员始终处于匿名状态,往往除了一个钱包地址之外一无所知。同时,在具体违法行为未实际得到确立之前,出于程序正义的考量,许多技侦手段是无法动用的。因此,对此案涉及人员跟踪和执法的难度和成本无疑是难以估量的。

因此,CFTC 向美国加州北区地方法院申请了一项替代服务动议,要求法院批准使用聊天机器人和论坛帖子作为对被告(包括 Ooki DAO 成员)的送达告知和传票的方式。CFTC 称其律师助理已经通过将诉讼及相关文件上传至 Ooki DAO 在线论坛的方式,向被告告知了诉讼问题。

9 月 29 日,Ooki DAO 在了解到诉讼情况后,已经开始在社区内部讨论该如何应对该起诉讼。其讨论内容主要涉及为 Ooki DAO 今后可能面临的法律挑战筹集额外资金等。

而该起案件的听证会目前定于 11 月 9 日举行。

Paradigm、LeXpunK Army 入局

除了涉案双方之外,此起案件作为 DAO 监管第一案,自然也受到了加密行业的广泛关注。

10 月 18 日,加密风险投资基金 Paradigm Operations 向联邦法院申请以法庭之友(friend of the court)的身份加入 CFTC 诉 Ooki DAO 案的辩论之中。

所谓“法庭之友”是指,本身并非案件事实上的当事人,但基于对案件的浓厚兴趣或重大利益,以第三方身份向法庭呈送法律意见书(Brief)甚至参加口头辩论,以表达对案件所涉法律问题的观点。

Paradigm 的法律负责人 Rodrigo 在社交媒体透露,Paradigm 已提交法庭顾问简报声援 Ooki DAO。Rodrigo 表示,Paradigm 虽然不是本案的当事方,但认为有必要公开反对 CFTC 对毫无戒心的技术用户过度执法,并削弱 DAO 在美国运营的能力。CFTC 正试图通过赢得针对虚构被告的诉讼来扩大其权力,从根本上说是不公平的。

同时,Paradigm 表示,CFTC 试图将所有投票代币持有者定义为同一协会的成员,这种观点“有可能严重扭曲法律”。

而针对 CFTC 对 Ooki DAO 的诉讼案,提供法律服务的组织 LeXpunK Army 表示,监管机构应该识别违反联邦法律的人,而不是作为一个实体的 DAO,DAO 不是人,也不应该被视为人,它们通常是通过使用加密代币投票来管理活动的集体。

此外,LeXpunK Army 还认为 DAO 是否是非法人协会应根据《商品交易法》的联邦法规进行解释,而不是根据各州的规定。

目前根据 DeepDAO 的数据显示,如今大概有 2000 多个处于存续状态的 DAO,这些 DAO掌控着一系列基于区块链的金融工具,并管理着近百亿美元的加密货币资产。

因此,无论此案结果如何都势必将对未来的 DAO 监管,甚至美国的司法进程产生深远的影响。

关于 DAO 法律结构的思考

关于 CFTC 诉 Ooki DAO 案本身的讨论,本文就暂且到此为止,更多的细节可能还要等到听证会后才能确认。

接下来,我认为我们可能需要以该案件作为一个引子,讨论一下 DAO,乃至整个加密市场的司法结构问题。

其实在本案发生之前,就已经有许多法律人士关于 DAO 的合规和监管问题给出过警告,他们普遍认为即便现如今的 DAO 不存在一个法律意义上的实体,也不意味着 DAO 将成为法外之地,甚至在某些情况下,DAO 的成员可能不得不在发生某些司法事件时承担无限连带责任。对此,唯一存在的问题可能就在于成员这个概念的界定。

在 CFTC 诉 Ooki DAO 案中,其采用的标准较为朴素,即以是否在 DAO 的治理过程中参与过投票为界定标准,他们认为投票行为代表着对 DAO 组织的运行施加了影响。这也意味着,这些参与过 Ooki DAO 投票的成员都将存在承担法律责任的潜在风险。

其实在我看来,此次案件引发的对于 DAO 监管问题的思考其实在某种意义上并不完全算是坏事。当前,加密世界与现实世界仍旧存在严重的脱节,其原因有很多,而法律层面的难以界定自然也是其中相当核心的因素之一。因此,加密世界的下一步发展可能就要从拥抱监管入手。

诚然,依据 crypto native 的看法,加密世界本身就应该实现极致的去中心化,因此,其不应该接受任何所谓的监管,反而应该通过各种设计去抗审查。

但要知道,凡事都应该有个完整的过程,实现完全的去中心化、去监管化是我们每个加密人的终极理想,但在现阶段,拥抱监管可能是种必由之举。

诚然,接受监管的确是一种妥协,但这份妥协绝不会是毫无作用的,它无疑会在现阶段给加密市场更好的生存土壤。而更加完善的组织法律结构,也会帮助加密市场摆脱如今的混乱状态,迈向更成熟的发展阶段。

否则,一味的对抗监管可能会引发相反的结果,如成员的无限连带责任(恰如本案)、不属于本人的税务压力、同现实世界的割裂,以及与主流文化的不兼容等。

当然,合规和监管为加密世界带来的也绝不仅有正面作用,其可能会造成对去中心化理念的践踏、政府等中心化机构过度的干涉等问题。

但有些事确实无法兼得,甚至无法选择,就像本次案件。事已至此,任何人都无法阻止其继续进展,而它无疑会使得 DAO,乃至加密市场得合规监管进程进一步加速。而为了应对接下来可能出现得风险,我们每个加密人可能都需要做好准备了。

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