“不惜血本”投AI掏空现金流!谷歌(GOOGL.US)、特斯拉(TSLA.US)绩后跳水,投资者耐心还剩多少?

投研日志Pubblicato 2026-07-23Pubblicato ultima volta 2026-07-23

Introduzione

Alphabet CEO桑达尔·皮查伊在财报会上强调:“我们对AI的投资,正在重新定义公司各项业务所能实现的可能性。 ”他还透露,谷歌已启动Gemini 4的预训练,并计划进一步加快模型迭代速度。

周三,Alphabet(GOOGL.US)与特斯拉(TSLA.US)率先拉开科技股财报季大幕,一个主题旋即浮出水面——AI资本支出正被置于聚光灯下,接受投资者的严苛审视。

两家公司均交出超预期的营收成绩单,但却因AI资本开支激增和自由现金流转负,在盘后交易中双双遭遇抛售——特斯拉跌逾4%,Alphabet跌约3%。这场由“烧钱”引发的市场焦虑,正在为整个科技行业的财报季定下基调。

迄今为止,AI热潮的澎湃动力,很大程度上来自少数几家头部企业创纪录的基础设施投入,其中包括对模型开发商OpenAI和Anthropic的重金押注。然而,近期来自中国等地的廉价开源模型异军突起,叠加美国企业界在AI服务开支上愈发精打细算的迹象,令市场对未来投资回报的担忧日益升温。

在周三财报出炉前,Alphabet的股价在4月飙升后已连续三个月走低;而特斯拉7月以来跌幅达11%,年内累计下挫17%。以科技股为主的纳斯达克指数自6月上旬创下历史新高后,也已回落约5%。

谷歌:云业务飙升82%,却迎来史上首次负现金流

Alphabet二季度财报堪称“冰火两重天”。营收1198亿美元,同比增长24%,连续第12个季度实现两位数增长,高于华尔街1168亿美元的预期。谷歌云成为最大亮点,营收同比飙升82%至248亿美元,超过分析师预期的223亿美元。云业务积压订单(Backlog)首次突破5000亿美元大关,达到5140亿美元,为未来增长提供了充足保障。

然而,资本市场并未为这份成绩单喝彩。

市场的担忧集中在不断扩大的AI资本开支上。 二季度Alphabet资本支出高达449亿美元,同比翻倍。公司还将2026年全年资本开支指引由1800亿至1900亿美元进一步上调至1950亿至2050亿美元,并明确表示2027年还将“显著增加”投资。

按新指引上限计算,Alphabet有望成为今年科技行业支出最多的公司——亚马逊(AMZN.US)最新预期也超过2000亿美元,但下周财报公布后这一数字可能进一步上调。

更令市场震惊的是,谷歌出现了数十年来首次单季负自由现金流——负59亿美元。这家以丰厚广告利润率和充沛现金流著称的科技巨头,如今支出已超过收入。首席财务官阿纳特·阿什肯纳齐在财报电话会上坦言,大部分资本支出用于AI基础设施建设,其中约60%用于服务器,40%用于数据中心和网络设备。

“我们预计自由现金流将继续承压,这源于对技术基础设施的投资,这些投入将使我们抓住AI机遇,并持续创造可观回报,”阿什肯纳齐表示。

为支撑这一轮AI基础设施建设,Alphabet已提前储备资金:6月完成496亿美元股票发行,并发行203亿美元高级无担保债券,同时筹备400亿美元ATM股票发行计划。

特斯拉:史上最大投资周期,自由现金流转负

特斯拉同样交出了一份“营收亮眼”的答卷。二季度营收282.4亿美元,同比增长26%,超出市场预期;汽车交付48.01万辆,同样超预期。然而,调整后每股收益仅0.33美元,远低于市场预期的0.51美元——盈利能力的下滑主要受到汽车平均售价下降和AI巨额投入的双重挤压。

二季度特斯拉资本支出57.9亿美元,同比暴涨142%,大量资金投入FSD、AI训练、Cybercab无人出租车、Optimus人形机器人产线及电池工厂扩建——这些领域也是CEO埃隆·马斯克多年来持续鼓吹的战略重心。因此,自由现金流时隔两年多首次转负,为-10.9亿美元。

尽管如此,特斯拉仍重申2026年全年资本支出将超过250亿美元,较2025年的85亿美元增长约200%,并将在未来两至三年继续增长。公司正在改造工厂以生产双座无人驾驶Cybercab,同时制造仍在开发中的Optimus人形机器人,并准备在得克萨斯州兴建大型AI芯片制造厂。

马斯克在财报电话会上表示:“我们应该尽可能快地投入资本开支,只要不浪费就行。如果能更快完成事情,即使资本效率稍低也没问题。”他甚至将特斯拉同时在多个领域大规模投资的行为,与亨利·福特推出Model T时的工业扩张相提并论,称“这可能是美国自二战以来最快的工业规模扩张”。“今年是资本开支大年,但我们坚信,所有投入终将带来丰厚回报。”

行业全景:7250亿美元的AI豪赌

Alphabet与特斯拉的财报表现,为整个科技行业的财报季敲响了警钟。市场对AI投资的审视正变得前所未有的严苛。

Alphabet、微软(MSFT.US)、亚马逊和Meta(META.US)四家公司2026年资本支出合计预计高达7250亿美元,到2027年将进一步攀升至近9000亿美元。

与此同时,近期中国推出的低成本开源模型,加上美国企业在AI服务支出方面日趋谨慎,令市场对相关投资的未来回报产生更深疑虑。分析显示,到2027年,科技巨头资本支出的增幅将达到5340亿美元,而经营现金流的增幅预计仅为3400亿美元——每新增1美元现金流对应1.57美元的额外投资。摩根士丹利则将Alphabet、亚马逊、微软、Meta和SpaceX(SPCX.US)五家公司2027年、2028年资本开支预测进一步上调至约1.23万亿美元和1.40万亿美元。

乐观者:这是“必要的牺牲”

尽管市场反应悲观,仍有不少分析师和投资者对长期前景保持乐观。

瑞穗分析师在报告中表示,谷歌资本开支增加“大致符合预期”,云业务收入同比飙升82%远超预期,云业务利润率扩大,Gemini模型使用量加速增长。“我们对股价盘后下跌感到意外,预计明日交易时段将会回升。”该行维持谷歌“买入”评级。

投资咨询公司Fitz-Gerald Group负责人Keith Fitz-Gerald指出,特斯拉眼下“正以盈利能力换取基础设施”,正如当年亚马逊和奈飞(NFLX.US)曾经经历过的那样。“我预计这将在未来12到24个月甚至36个月内带来丰厚的回报。”

科技研究机构Valoir的CEO Rebecca Wettemann则表示,谷歌的核心业务依然强劲,AI投资正在产生回报。“谷歌的增长势头应能平息一些市场对AI过度支出的担忧。其各项业务的强劲表现表明,搜索并未消亡,广告仍然重要,云投资依然是一笔好赌注。”

Alphabet CEO桑达尔·皮查伊在财报会上强调:“我们对AI的投资,正在重新定义公司各项业务所能实现的可能性。 ”他还透露,谷歌已启动Gemini 4的预训练,并计划进一步加快模型迭代速度。

接下来一周,Meta和微软将于美东时间7月29日公布财报,亚马逊和苹果(AAPL.US)将于7月30日跟进——届时市场对AI资本开支的审视将进入高潮。

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