大国封锁芯片,巨头买下核电站:为什么现在该认真看DeAI 了

marsbitPubblicato 2026-06-04Pubblicato ultima volta 2026-06-04

Introduzione

2026年5月,美国收紧对华先进芯片的出口管制,与此同时,肯尼亚因电力压力叫停大型数据中心,华为则宣布其AI芯片量产。这些事件共同揭示:算力竞争已超越科技行业,成为全球性议题。 当前AI产业呈现高度集中化,英伟达、大型云厂商及头部模型公司控制了从芯片、基础设施到模型的全链条,形成了“AI八爪鱼”式的寡头垄断。这带来了定价霸权、基础设施脆弱性及地缘政治风险,使众多国家面临被边缘化的困境。 面对“AI铁幕”,各国反应不一:海湾国家巨资购买算力;欧盟寻求算力自主;而许多发展中国家则因资源有限处境艰难。算力竞争正日益演变为能源竞争,科技公司甚至开始直接购买核电站。 在此背景下,去中心化AI(DeAI)作为一种替代方案受到关注。它旨在通过开放协议连接全球分散的算力、数据和模型,构建一个无单一控制中心的AI网络,以打破市场垄断、缓解能源压力并摆脱地缘依赖。尽管DeAI在性能与成熟度上仍处早期,但其提供的竞争可能性,本身就是对中心化权力的一种重要制衡。

撰文:Conflux

2026 年 5 月 31 日,美国商务部发布新的出口管制指导意见:中国公司通过马来西亚等地的海外子公司采购 NVIDIA 先进芯片的通道,正式关闭。

同一个月,肯尼亚总统叫停了一座由微软参与的 10 亿美元地热数据中心——因为它建成后,将吞掉全国三分之一的电力。总统鲁托的原话是:「这等于关掉半个国家。」

与此同时,华为在上周宣布 Ascend 950PR 芯片已进入量产,预计全年 AI 芯片收入将达到 120 亿美元。

三件事,三个大洲,三条完全不同的新闻。但它们指向同一个正在浮现的现实:算力竞争,已经不再是科技行业内部的事了。

一个新的寡头时代正在形成

过去两年,AI 行业有一个经常被忽视的现实:虽然表面上百花齐放,但底层资源却越来越集中。

当前的 AI 产业链大致可以分为四层,GPU 芯片、云计算平台、基础模型和应用生态。而在每一层,控制权都在向少数玩家集中:在 GPU 领域,NVIDIA 几乎成为唯一选择;在云计算领域,AWS、微软 Azure 和 Google Cloud 占据主导地位;在模型层,OpenAI 和 Anthropic 已经占据绝大部分高端模型市场。

换句话说:同一批公司正在同时控制芯片、云平台、模型以及分发渠道。美国芝加哥大学法学教授 Eric Posner 将这种现象称为:「AI Octopus(AI 八爪鱼)」,即这些公司的触角覆盖整个 AI 产业链。

这与互联网时代的平台垄断有所不同——互联网平台控制的是流量,AI 平台控制的则是智能本身。这种「寡头垄断」带来了深远的系统性风险:

  • 控制权集中与定价霸权:少数公司掌控了 AI 的定价权、API 访问权限以及内容审查标准。开发者和企业面临严重的「平台锁定」风险,巨头可以随时更改规则或切断访问。
  • 基础设施脆弱性:高度中心化的算力容易导致「牵一发而动全身」的单点故障(如云服务大面积宕机),并且对单一地区的电网和能源造成了难以承受的压力。
  • 地缘政治与算力霸权:算力正从一种中立的基础设施转变为战略筹码。由于出口管制的限制,没有独立算力能力的国家(特别是全球南方国家)在这一技术浪潮中面临被边缘化、技术鸿沟进一步拉大的风险。

未来越来越多的企业,将依赖 AI 完成开发、运营、客服、营销甚至决策。一旦智能成为生产工具,其控制权的重要性将远超搜索引擎和社交媒体。

不断加深的 「AI 铁幕」

过去两年,美国在芯片出口管制上的操作越来越碎片化。拜登时期搞了一个「AI 扩散规则」,把全球合作分成三个等级;特朗普上台后撤了这个规则,转向逐案审批和临时禁令。面对这道铁幕,各国的反应差异巨大。

沙特阿拉伯直接把 2026 年定为「人工智能年」:通过主权基金旗下的 HUMAIN 公司,沙特向马斯克的 xAI 投了 30 亿美元,条件之一是在沙特落地 500 兆瓦以上的 AI 数据中心;阿联酋正在阿布扎比建设一座 5 吉瓦的 AI 园区——号称美国以外全球最大——第一期今年上线;5 月,阿联酋收到了第一批美国出口的 NVIDIA 最新款芯片。

海湾国家的逻辑足够直白:上一个时代靠卖石油,这个时代靠买算力。

欧盟的焦虑来自另一个方向:官方数据显示,欧洲超过 80% 的数字服务跑在非欧盟的基础设施上。正在推进的《云计算与人工智能发展法案》(CADA)目标是 2030 年前把欧洲算力翻三倍。法国的 Mistral 今年 4 月直接发了一份战略文件,标题叫《European AI: A Playbook to Own It》,翻译过来就是「欧洲 AI:拿回来」。

而处境最难的,是那些连参与竞争资格都不太具备的经济体:肯尼亚的 10 亿美元数据中心被叫停;马来西亚拨了约 4.9 亿美元建主权 AI 云。印度在补贴研究人员的 GPU 使用费;印尼在筹备本土大模型——这些投入放在各自的经济体量内已经不小了。

但今年光微软、谷歌、亚马逊、Meta 四家公司的 AI 资本支出加在一起,大约 7500 亿美元。这个量级差距,本身就是问题的一部分。

而算力竞争的尽头,正不断指向一个更底层的变量:电力。一次 AI 推理任务的耗电量可达传统网页搜索的 1000 倍。为了应对预计在 2026 年将达到 1050 太瓦时的全球数据中心能耗,科技公司甚至已经开始直接购买核电站。

有没有一种「不站队」的可能?

正是在这样的背景下,去中心化 AI(DeAI)开始受到关注。它试图回答一个问题:除了把未来交给少数科技巨头或者少数国家之外,还有没有第三种可能?

如果互联网可以通过开放协议连接全球网络,那么 AI 是否也可以通过开放网络连接全球算力?世界各地闲置的 GPU、独立开发者、研究机构、企业数据中心,是否能够组成一个开放的 AI 基础设施网络?

DeAI 的核心思想并不复杂:通过开放协议协调独立的参与者,实现没有单一权力中心控制的 AI 系统。并且结合区块链技术、加密经济学激励以及密码学验证机制,解决了匿名网络中的信任问题,直接回应中心化 AI 的痛点:

  • 打破市场集中:建立分布式的算力、数据和模型提供商网络,形成自由竞争的市场定价机制。
  • 缓解物理限制:将海量的能源需求分散到全球各地的电网中。
  • 摆脱地缘政治依赖:构建超脱于单一司法管辖区的基础设施层,为「主权 AI」提供可能。
  • 提高验证透明度:用可证明的技术手段替代对科技巨头企业声誉的盲目信任。

支持者认为,这种模式能够降低对单一供应商的依赖,提高系统韧性,并为中小国家和企业提供参与机会。

与此同时,机构投资者的态度正从好奇转向实质性投入。风投机构(如 DCG、a16z 等)正在向 DeAI 协议注入数亿美元资金;传统企业(如德国电信)开始作为验证者参与网络;不仅如此,部分国家的政府(如哈萨克斯坦)也开始探索将其闲置的国家超算资源接入去中心化算力市场。

结语

正如《State of DeAI 2026》报告所言,DeAI 的核心价值主张不在于今天就能在性能上全面超越中心化系统,而在于它提供了一种抵御垄断、拒绝审查并分散权力的底层架构。

随着专用 AI 硬件(ASIC)成本的下降和开源模型的持续繁荣,留给 DeAI 解决运营挑战的时间窗口已经打开。建立 DeAI 基础的工作,现在才刚刚开始。

当然,DeAI 距离成为主流还有很长距离。无论是性能、稳定性还是商业模式,都仍处于早期阶段。但它的重要意义或许不在于立刻挑战 OpenAI,而在于提供一种替代方案。

历史经验告诉我们:当一个行业只有一个选择时,问题往往不是会不会滥用权力,而是什么时候滥用权力。

而竞争的存在,本身就是一种制衡。

Domande pertinenti

Q文章中提到AI产业形成了“寡头垄断”,它指的是哪四层?

A文章将AI产业链分为四层:GPU芯片层、云计算平台层、基础模型层和应用生态层。控制权在这四层都向少数玩家集中。

Q除了肯尼亚,还有哪些国家或地区在应对AI算力竞争时采取了行动?

A沙特阿拉伯将2026年定为“人工智能年”并投资AI数据中心;阿联酋在建设大型AI园区并获得了首批最新款NVIDIA芯片;欧盟正在推进《云计算与人工智能发展法案》;马来西亚拨款建设主权AI云;印度和印尼也在进行本土AI相关投入。

Q文章将去中心化AI(DeAI)视为一种可能的解决方案,它旨在解决中心化AI的哪些痛点?

ADeAI旨在解决的痛点包括:1. 打破市场集中,建立分布式网络和自由定价机制。2. 缓解单一地区面临的巨大能源压力。3. 摆脱对单一司法管辖区或供应商的地缘政治依赖。4. 通过可证明的技术手段提高系统的透明度和可信度。

Q文章中提到的“AI铁幕”具体指什么现象?

A“AI铁幕”主要指过去两年美国实施的日益碎片化和严厉的芯片出口管制措施,例如从早期的“AI扩散规则”到转向逐案审批和临时禁令,这限制了其他国家(特别是全球南方国家)获取先进AI算力的通道,加剧了技术鸿沟。

Q文章认为科技巨头公司控制AI与互联网时代的平台垄断有何不同?

A文章指出,互联网时代的平台垄断主要控制的是用户流量和数据,而AI时代的“寡头垄断”控制的则是智能本身,即作为核心生产工具的AI算力、模型和访问权限,其控制权更基础、更集中,带来的系统性风险也更大。

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