30年美债收益率再破5%,「一切都廉价」的时代落幕了

marsbitPubblicato 2026-06-01Pubblicato ultima volta 2026-07-24

Introduzione

30年期美国国债收益率近期再度突破5%,市场反应显示投资者正逐渐接受高利率将长期持续的现实。这一变化源于支撑美国过去50年低通胀、低利率的三大支柱——廉价资本、廉价劳动力和廉价能源——正在同步瓦解。 廉价资本时代因全球化逆转、供应链回流及石油美元体系受侵蚀而结束;廉价劳动力因劳动力短缺、罢工潮及部分工会增长推高工资,但被企业医保成本上升和人工智能冲击部分抵消;廉价能源则因中东紧张局势及美国退出气候承诺面临挑战。此外,政府债务攀升、地缘政治摩擦和民粹主义等“慢变量”也推高了长期利率。 人工智能(AI)成为未来通胀走势的最大变数:乐观情景下,AI提升生产力、降低债务和通胀;悲观情景下,AI加剧企业裁员、推高资源成本,并可能增加政府债务。目前AI巨头已对房地产、芯片、水电等资源价格产生上行压力。 文章指出,多数投资者的经验和模型均基于低利率环境,面临“预期惯性”的挑战。市场需调整旧有预期,适应高利率持续的新阶段。

30 年期美债收益率再度突破 5%,这一次市场的反应与 2023 年明显不同——投资者开始真正接受高利率将长期持续的现实。

分析指出,这背后是一个更深层的结构性转变:支撑美国过去 50 年低通胀、低利率的三大支柱——廉价资本、廉价劳动力、廉价能源——正在同步瓦解。而 AI 的走向,将是决定未来通胀走势的最大未知数。

30 年期美国国债收益率近期再度突破 5%。英国《金融时报》专栏作家 Rana Foroohar 撰文指出,与 2023 年那次短暂破 5% 后迅速回落不同,这一次,市场的反应明显不同——投资者似乎终于开始真正接受一个现实:美国正在告别低利率时代,进入一个通胀压力更持久、更多元的新阶段。

文章援引阿波罗首席经济学家 Torsten Sløk 近期发给客户的报告称,「投资者应当为短期、中期和长期持续高利率环境做好仓位准备。」

这背后,是一个更大的结构性故事:过去 50 年驱动美国经济增长的三大廉价要素——廉价资本、廉价劳动力、廉价能源——正在同步发生逆转。

半个世纪的「廉价红利」,是怎么来的?

30 年期美债收益率从 1980 年代初的十几个百分点,一路跌至疫情期间的约 1%,这段将近半个世纪的下行趋势,并非偶然。

它背后有一套完整的宏观逻辑支撑:

廉价资本:数十年的全球化和制造业技术进步压低了商品价格;石油出口国将大量石油美元回流美国,提供了充裕的廉价资金;养老金私有化改革催生了对各类金融产品的庞大需求;全球投资者争相购买美债,因为没有哪个国家比美国更安全。

廉价劳动力:产业外包、工会式微、自动化浪潮,以及「股东至上」的企业文化(重金融工程、轻员工投入),共同压低了工资,尤其是非大学学历工人的薪酬,持续支撑了企业利润率。

廉价能源:石油美元体系在一定程度上抑制了通胀,全球能源贸易以美元结算,也强化了美元的全球地位。

这三根支柱,共同撑起了美国半个世纪的低通胀、低利率繁荣。

三大支柱,正在同步松动

Rana Foroohar 在文章中指出,上述每一个支撑因素,如今都在发生变化。

资本端:每一次美债拍卖,国际买家都在减少而非增加。去全球化和供应链回流,短期内将推高商品和服务价格。与此同时,石油美元体系的根基正在被侵蚀。

能源端:中东局势持续紧张,对亚洲能源进口国冲击最直接。但从更长远来看,这反而可能加速亚洲大国在清洁能源领域的布局——而美国正在退出气候承诺。这意味着,长期资本流向可能从美国转向亚洲大国。

劳动力端:近年来,劳动力短缺、大规模罢工(包括汽车制造业的成功维权)、移民限制收紧,以及部分领域(尤其是白领行业)工会成员增长,都推动了工资上涨。但这一趋势被两个因素部分抵消:一是企业医疗保险成本上升,企业倾向于以压低工资来对冲;二是人工智能的冲击。

还有一个慢变量:债务、地缘政治与民粹主义

除了上述显性因素,还有几个「慢变量」:不断攀升的政府债务、地缘政治摩擦加剧,以及民粹主义的蔓延。

这些风险的共同效果是:贷款人要求更高的风险溢价,才愿意把钱借出去——尤其是借出去好几年的那种。

这直接推高了长端利率,也就是 30 年期美债收益率。

AI:救世主还是新的通胀源?

在所有变量中,人工智能的走向最难判断,但影响可能最深远。

Rana Foroohar 提出了两种截然不同的情景:

乐观情景:AI 的生产力效益广泛扩散至各行各业和个人,创造新的就业和收入来源。耶鲁大学预算实验室的模型显示,在这一情景下,美国国家债务将大幅下降,通胀也随之回落。

悲观情景:AI 只是企业裁员、压缩成本、扩大利润的工具,而 AI 基础设施建设本身(大量消耗芯片、土地、水和电力)反而制造了新的通胀压力,净效果是推高而非压低成本。政府还将被迫出手救助被替代的工人,债务反而上升。

目前,AI 巨头们正在大量吞噬房地产、芯片、水资源和电力,已经在推高这些资源在整体经济中的价格。最终结果如何,还需要数年时间才能看清。

投资者面临的真正挑战

文章的结论直接而清醒:大多数市场参与者,职业生涯的全部时间都是在「廉价时代」度过的。他们的直觉、模型和预期,都是在低利率环境下校准的。

而现在,这个环境正在改变。

「预期惯性」是一股强大的力量——2023 年 30 年期美债收益率破 5% 后,很多人以为只是短暂异常,很快就会回落。但这一次,市场的反应已经不同了。

调整,意味着放弃旧的预期。对于习惯了低利率的投资者来说,这不是一件容易的事。

Crypto di tendenza

Domande pertinenti

Q为什么文章说30年期美债收益率再次突破5%标志着市场的反应与2023年不同?

A因为这一次投资者开始真正接受高利率将长期持续的现实,而不是像2023年那样普遍认为这只是短暂异常。这反映了市场心态从‘暂时性高利率’到‘结构性高利率’预期的转变。

Q支撑美国过去50年低通胀、低利率的三大‘廉价支柱’是什么?

A分别是:1. 廉价资本,源自全球化、制造业技术进步、石油美元回流及全球对美债的强劲需求;2. 廉价劳动力,由产业外包、工会式微、自动化和‘股东至上’文化共同压低工资促成;3. 廉价能源,与石油美元体系及全球能源以美元结算相关。

Q根据文章,哪些‘慢变量’因素在推高长期利率?

A主要‘慢变量’包括:不断攀升的政府债务、加剧的地缘政治摩擦以及民粹主义的蔓延。这些因素增加了长期借贷的风险,导致贷款人要求更高的风险溢价,从而推高了像30年期美债这样的长端利率。

Q关于人工智能(AI)对通胀的影响,文章提到了哪两种可能的情景?

A文章提出了两种截然相反的情景:1. 乐观情景:AI带来的生产力提升广泛惠及经济各领域和个人,创造新就业和收入,从而有助于降低通胀和政府债务。2. 悲观情景:AI主要被企业用于裁员和压缩成本以扩大利润,同时其基础设施(消耗芯片、土地、水、电)建设本身制造了新的通胀压力,政府还需救助被替代的工人,最终可能推高整体成本和债务。

Q文章认为,当前投资者面临的核心挑战是什么?

A核心挑战是‘预期惯性’。绝大多数市场参与者的整个职业生涯都处于低利率的‘廉价时代’,他们的直觉、模型和投资策略都是基于这个环境建立的。现在需要他们放弃旧的预期,去适应一个通胀压力更持久、利率水平更高的新环境,这是非常困难的调整。

Letture associate

After Three Consecutive Quarters of Decline, Can the Crypto Market Find a Window for Stabilization in Q3?

The cryptocurrency market has just concluded its worst-performing quarter since 2022, with total capitalization dropping 12.6% to $2.1 trillion. All core metrics indicate capital is leaving the sector, not just rotating within it. Bitcoin fell 14.2% and Ethereum dropped 25.4% in Q2, breaking their previous correlation with US tech stocks. A key driver is the reversal in US spot Bitcoin ETF flows, which saw a net outflow of approximately $4.67 billion in Q2, including a record monthly outflow near $4.5 billion in June. While recent data suggests long-term holders are accumulating again, sustained ETF outflows mean continued selling pressure. Market focus is now singularly on the Federal Reserve. The upcoming July FOMC meeting is seen as the most critical event for Q3. A dovish signal could support Bitcoin reclaiming a $68,000-$84,000 range, while a hawkish stance might establish a new trading band around $50,000-$56,000. Additionally, regulatory uncertainty persists, with the progress of the crucial *CLARITY Act* stalling in the Senate, reducing its perceived 2026 passage probability to 40-45%. Despite the broad downturn, a few sectors showed growth. Prediction markets saw nominal volume surge 48.7% year-over-year to $113.8 billion, and tokenized collectibles transaction volume rose 143% quarterly to $1.4 billion. The Real-World Asset (RWA) tokenization sector also continued steady growth, now representing ~$28.1 billion in on-chain value. The market's foundation for an extreme crash appears limited, with Bitcoin price hovering near its 200-week moving average. However, the trading paradigm has shifted from narrative-driven speculation to decisions based on price action, policy developments, and interest rate expectations, making a broad sentiment-driven rally unlikely in the near term.

marsbitIeri 08:36

After Three Consecutive Quarters of Decline, Can the Crypto Market Find a Window for Stabilization in Q3?

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BIT Trading Moment: BTC Still Suppressed by Weekly 200 EMA, Rejection May Restart Decline; Storage and Semiconductors that Surged Last Night Begin Falling in Evening Trading

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Former CFTC Chairman, Circle President Tarbert: Preaching Long-Termism While Cashing Out $30 Million Himself

Former CFTC Chairman and Circle President Heath Tarbert has consistently advocated for a long-term vision in public, urging patience from investors as Circle’s stock price has fallen significantly from its peak. However, it has been revealed that since Circle’s IPO, Tarbert has continuously sold his CRCL shares through pre-arranged trading plans, cashing out approximately $30 million, without making any public market purchases. This contrast between his public messaging and personal actions has drawn criticism. Tarbert joined Circle in July 2023 as Chief Legal Officer, leveraging his regulatory experience to help guide the company through its IPO and expansion. Despite promoting stablecoins as long-term infrastructure, he established a 10b5-1 trading plan just before Circle went public, leading to substantial stock sales over the following year. In March 2026, he initiated another plan to sell more shares. His career trajectory highlights a pattern of moving between high-level regulatory roles and influential positions in the financial sector. After resigning as CFTC Chairman in early 2021, he joined Citadel Securities as Chief Legal Officer just 27 days later, during a period of intense regulatory scrutiny for the firm. He later joined Circle, aiding its efforts to navigate regulatory challenges for its public listing. While Tarbert's expertise in policy and compliance is valuable to companies like Circle, his actions—advocating long-term confidence while personally divesting—raise questions about the alignment between his public statements and his private financial decisions, leaving investors who followed his advice to bear the market risks.

marsbitIeri 08:06

Former CFTC Chairman, Circle President Tarbert: Preaching Long-Termism While Cashing Out $30 Million Himself

marsbitIeri 08:06

Gate Research Institute: The 'Wall Street-ization' Wave of Crypto Financial Products – Competition or Integration?

The article titled "Gate Research Institute: Are Crypto Financial Products Sparking a 'Wall Street' Wave—Competition or Convergence?" explores the evolving relationship between the crypto ecosystem and traditional finance (TradFi). The piece begins by reflecting on Bitcoin's original 2009 vision of decentralization, disintermediation, and moving away from banks. It then contrasts this with the 2024 landscape, where key crypto assets like Bitcoin are increasingly held through Wall Street products like ETFs issued by giants like BlackRock. The article questions whether this signifies that TradFi is systematically taking over the rights to issue, price, custody, and distribute crypto financial assets. The core argument is that this is not a zero-sum takeover but rather a bidirectional convergence where each side addresses the other's weaknesses. Crypto offers 24/7 global markets, programmable settlement, and open access but lacks compliant channels, institutional-grade custody, deep fiat liquidity, and mainstream distribution. TradFi possesses these but is constrained by legacy systems, limited operating hours, and slow settlement. Two primary convergence paths are highlighted: * **Path A (CEX to TradFi):** Exemplified by Gate, which has progressed from offering tokenized stocks and CFDs to providing direct, real stock trading (US, Hong Kong, South Korea) within its platform, using USDT. * **Path B (TradFi to Crypto):** Exemplified by Robinhood, which has integrated crypto trading, acquired exchanges like Bitstamp, and is moving traditional assets like stocks onto the blockchain via tokenization and its own Layer 2. Both paths are ultimately competing to become the next-generation, unified financial account—a "super account" where users can seamlessly trade cryptocurrencies, stocks, ETFs, RWA (Real World Assets), and tokenized treasury products in one interface. The growth of RWA and tokenized treasuries (e.g., BlackRock's BUIDL) is presented as the asset-layer fusion, providing stable, yield-bearing assets on-chain and acting as a bridge between the two worlds. In conclusion, the "Wall Street-ization" of crypto is framed as a mutual transformation. Decentralized ideals persist in the protocol layer, while at the application layer, a more efficient, global, and accessible unified capital market is emerging from this convergence. The future competition lies not between crypto exchanges and stockbrokers, but between platforms vying to offer the most comprehensive asset coverage, liquidity, and user experience within a single account.

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Gate Research Institute: The 'Wall Street-ization' Wave of Crypto Financial Products – Competition or Integration?

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