进击的 MM 1:做市商库存报价系统

marsbitPubblicato 2025-12-28Pubblicato ultima volta 2025-12-28

Introduzione

许多投资者在买入山寨币后常遇到价格反向波动,感觉被“狗庄”针对。实际上,这并非主观操纵,而是做市商(MM)基于库存风险管理和应对“有毒订单流”的机制在发挥作用。 做市商通过Avellaneda–Stoikov模型进行报价,核心机制包括: 1. **报价偏移(Quote Skew)**:当用户大量买入,做市商库存变为空头,会下调价格以吸引卖盘、阻止继续被买入,同时保护自身风险敞口。 2. **价差扩大(Spread Widening)**:库存恶化时,做市商会扩大买卖价差,降低成交概率,并通过价差收益弥补潜在亏损。 报价基于“保留价格(Reservation Price)= 中间价 - γ·库存量”进行调整,其中γ为风险厌恶系数。做市商的目标是最大化价差收益,同时控制库存风险和逆向选择成本。 散户容易遭遇价格反向,因其订单通常主动、集中、无对冲、不拆单,尤其在小币种中更明显。改善策略是:分批建仓,例如先小额买入,利用报价下调逐步低成本吸筹。 本文为系列首篇,下篇将探讨做市商订单簿、订单流机制及市场事件的微观成因。

作者:Dave

大家有没有经历过这样一种情况,有些山寨币在你买入过后,短时间内价格老是朝着反方向走,好像是狗庄针对你一样?这是为什么,难度真是狗庄的阴谋?

本篇帖子将为大家介绍做市商的报价系统,揭开“狗庄”阴谋的神秘面纱。先说结论:价格常常逆着我们走,并不是主观操纵,而是 Avellaneda–Stoikov 模型下的 Inventory-based pricing quote skew(报价倾斜),和处理 toxic flow(有毒订单流) 的保护机制。具体怎讲呢?once upon a time...

首先我们来理解库存的概念。大家都知道做市商不是方向性投资者,在严谨的对冲下,现货的价格变化对总 pnl 应该不产生影响,这个时候持有库存是一种“被动”行为,库存变化导致头寸扩大,持有的头寸越多,你对价格反向变动的风险敞口就越大。此时,散户的买卖单导致库存变化,做市商就会对这种库存变化带来的风险做出反应。

用一句话说就是你打破了人家的平衡,mm 就要想办法保护自己,尽力回到平衡。保护自己的手段就是报价系统。

1.报价偏移(Quote Skew)

当 MM 被你 大量买入,等价于:MM 大量卖出,库存变成空头暴露。这个时候 mm 希望干什么呢:(1) 尽快补上库存。(2)保护暴露的空头 position

那么 MM 的反应是:下调价格,吸引卖盘,阻止继续被买,同时保证自己净空头暂时处于未亏损状态,有时间进行对冲。

2.调整报价宽度(Spread Widening)

当库存继续恶化,MM 不只偏移价格,还会扩大 spread,减少成交概率。

他们的目的是降低单位时间内的成交风险,同时通过 spread 利润,赚到更多来保护价位损失。

在写文章的时候,每多一个数学公式,会减少 10% 的读者,但是 in case 有小伙伴想看点干的,我简单介绍一下报价的形成(也是上面报价变化的数学机理)

我们和做市商成交的价格叫 Reservation Price,他来源于 Inventory-based pricing 模型:

Reservation Price=Mid price − γ⋅q

q:当前库存

gamma γ:风险厌恶系数

实际上 Reservation Price 长下面这样,但我不想恶心大家,所以只给你们看一眼就行了

当散户大量买卖,q 发生大量变化,于是报价 Reservation Price 发生大量变化。而具体变多少来源于 Avellaneda–Stoikov 模型,大家可以猜到,由于买卖导致库存发生小变化,小变化,所以这个模型是个偏微分方程。你猜怎么着?我也没兴趣推这个方程,所以我们只需要知道核心结论:

最优报价围绕 Reservation Price 对称展开。库存必然均值回归到 0。最优点差随风险变宽。

上面这段看不懂也没关系,只需要大概了解散户买入后价格常常逆着看多的方向,本质上是我们的流量改变了市场的风险定价。散户常常遭到这种情况的原因是:

• 散户几乎总是 主动单

• 尺寸集中、节奏不隐蔽

• 没有对冲

• 不分时、不拆单

而在小山寨里,这种情况就更严重了,因为山寨币流动性很差,往往你的订单就是前后 5 分钟少数的主动订单,在大品种当中可能会出现自然对冲,但小币里,你就是狗庄对手盘。

所以专业 mm 不是想把你打爆,而是maxE[Spread Capture]−Inventory Risk−Adverse Selection ,实际上他们的目标函数长这样,库存风险被指数型惩罚

能看到这里的读者一定是有成为狗庄梦想的韭菜了,所以为了激励勇敢者,最后分享一个利用报价机制的小妙招。我们说散户常常尺寸集中、节奏不隐蔽,那么把他反过来就可以了。假设 Dave 想多单 1000u,那么与其一下梭哈,利用狗庄的做法是先买 100u, 报价系统会下调价格,这个时候我就可以更便宜的价位去建仓,那么我再买 100U,价格会继续下跌,那么我的平均持仓成本就会比一次性梭哈便宜很多。

散户水逆的故事到这里只讲了一半,除了库存管理报价因素之外,mm 对订单流的处理,是造成价格背离的另一个要素,也就是开篇提到的有毒订单流。下一篇我将为大家介绍做市商的订单薄和订单流,同时我也来意淫一下 1011 惨案的微观市场原因。

预知后事如何,且听下回分解。

《进击的 MM 2:做市商订单簿与订单流》

《进击的 MM 3:统计优势与信号设计》

Crypto di tendenza

Domande pertinenti

Q什么是做市商的报价偏移(Quote Skew)?

A报价偏移是指当做市商因大量卖出导致库存变成空头暴露时,会下调价格以吸引卖盘,阻止继续被买入,同时保护暴露的空头头寸,争取时间进行对冲。

Q为什么散户买入后价格常常逆着看多的方向变动?

A因为散户的主动单尺寸集中、节奏不隐蔽,且没有对冲,导致做市商库存风险增加,做市商通过调整报价偏移和报价宽度来管理风险,从而引起价格反向变动。

Q做市商如何通过调整报价宽度(Spread Widening)来保护自己?

A当库存继续恶化时,做市商会扩大买卖价差(spread),减少成交概率,降低单位时间内的成交风险,同时通过价差利润来弥补潜在的价位损失。

Q什么是Reservation Price?它是如何计算的?

AReservation Price是做市商与散户成交的价格,计算公式为:Reservation Price = Mid price - γ·q,其中q是当前库存,γ是风险厌恶系数。

Q散户如何利用做市商的报价机制来优化建仓成本?

A散户可以采取分拆订单、隐蔽节奏的方式建仓,例如先买入小部分,触发做市商下调价格后,再在更低价位继续买入,从而降低平均持仓成本。

Letture associate

After Three Consecutive Quarters of Decline, Can the Crypto Market Find a Window for Stabilization in Q3?

The cryptocurrency market has just concluded its worst-performing quarter since 2022, with total capitalization dropping 12.6% to $2.1 trillion. All core metrics indicate capital is leaving the sector, not just rotating within it. Bitcoin fell 14.2% and Ethereum dropped 25.4% in Q2, breaking their previous correlation with US tech stocks. A key driver is the reversal in US spot Bitcoin ETF flows, which saw a net outflow of approximately $4.67 billion in Q2, including a record monthly outflow near $4.5 billion in June. While recent data suggests long-term holders are accumulating again, sustained ETF outflows mean continued selling pressure. Market focus is now singularly on the Federal Reserve. The upcoming July FOMC meeting is seen as the most critical event for Q3. A dovish signal could support Bitcoin reclaiming a $68,000-$84,000 range, while a hawkish stance might establish a new trading band around $50,000-$56,000. Additionally, regulatory uncertainty persists, with the progress of the crucial *CLARITY Act* stalling in the Senate, reducing its perceived 2026 passage probability to 40-45%. Despite the broad downturn, a few sectors showed growth. Prediction markets saw nominal volume surge 48.7% year-over-year to $113.8 billion, and tokenized collectibles transaction volume rose 143% quarterly to $1.4 billion. The Real-World Asset (RWA) tokenization sector also continued steady growth, now representing ~$28.1 billion in on-chain value. The market's foundation for an extreme crash appears limited, with Bitcoin price hovering near its 200-week moving average. However, the trading paradigm has shifted from narrative-driven speculation to decisions based on price action, policy developments, and interest rate expectations, making a broad sentiment-driven rally unlikely in the near term.

marsbitIeri 08:36

After Three Consecutive Quarters of Decline, Can the Crypto Market Find a Window for Stabilization in Q3?

marsbitIeri 08:36

BIT Trading Moment: BTC Still Suppressed by Weekly 200 EMA, Rejection May Restart Decline; Storage and Semiconductors that Surged Last Night Begin Falling in Evening Trading

**Crypto & Stock Market Wrap: Bitcoin Tests Resistance, Stocks Retreat After AI Surge** Bitcoin consolidates around $66,000, facing key resistance near $68,000—an area seen as a major psychological and technical hurdle where previous rallies have failed. Analysts note the cryptocurrency is caught between its 200-week moving average (~$63,333) and 200-week EMA (~$68,328). A clear break above $68k is needed to signal a stronger bullish trend, while a rejection could lead to a retest of $63k support. Market sentiment remains cautious, with low futures open interest pointing to a low-liquidity rebound rather than a full bull market. Bitcoin spot ETFs saw another $203 million inflow. US stock futures pointed lower after a strong Tuesday session led by a massive rebound in semiconductors and memory stocks. The rally was fueled by renewed optimism about AI-driven hardware demand, with Micron, SanDisk, and SK Hynix surging. However, those gains reversed in pre-market trading. Super Micro Computer (SMCI) soared over 20% after hours on strong guidance and a record backlog. Other standouts included Rocket Lab and nuclear energy plays Oklo and X-Energy. Rising oil prices (Brent above $91) and climbing Treasury yields (10-year near 4.64%), however, are reigniting inflation concerns and acting as a headwind for equities. In Asia, markets were mixed. South Korea's KOSPI pared early gains to close slightly higher as semiconductor stocks like SK Hynix gave back initial surges. Japan's Nikkei edged lower as the yen hit a fresh 38-year low against the dollar, raising fears of potential market intervention. Key events to watch include the Samsung Galaxy launch, AMD's AI event, and a slew of major tech earnings from Alphabet, Tesla, and IBM after the close on Wednesday, followed by the ECB meeting and Intel's earnings on Thursday.

marsbitIeri 08:28

BIT Trading Moment: BTC Still Suppressed by Weekly 200 EMA, Rejection May Restart Decline; Storage and Semiconductors that Surged Last Night Begin Falling in Evening Trading

marsbitIeri 08:28

Former CFTC Chairman, Circle President Tarbert: Preaching Long-Termism While Cashing Out $30 Million Himself

Former CFTC Chairman and Circle President Heath Tarbert has consistently advocated for a long-term vision in public, urging patience from investors as Circle’s stock price has fallen significantly from its peak. However, it has been revealed that since Circle’s IPO, Tarbert has continuously sold his CRCL shares through pre-arranged trading plans, cashing out approximately $30 million, without making any public market purchases. This contrast between his public messaging and personal actions has drawn criticism. Tarbert joined Circle in July 2023 as Chief Legal Officer, leveraging his regulatory experience to help guide the company through its IPO and expansion. Despite promoting stablecoins as long-term infrastructure, he established a 10b5-1 trading plan just before Circle went public, leading to substantial stock sales over the following year. In March 2026, he initiated another plan to sell more shares. His career trajectory highlights a pattern of moving between high-level regulatory roles and influential positions in the financial sector. After resigning as CFTC Chairman in early 2021, he joined Citadel Securities as Chief Legal Officer just 27 days later, during a period of intense regulatory scrutiny for the firm. He later joined Circle, aiding its efforts to navigate regulatory challenges for its public listing. While Tarbert's expertise in policy and compliance is valuable to companies like Circle, his actions—advocating long-term confidence while personally divesting—raise questions about the alignment between his public statements and his private financial decisions, leaving investors who followed his advice to bear the market risks.

marsbitIeri 08:06

Former CFTC Chairman, Circle President Tarbert: Preaching Long-Termism While Cashing Out $30 Million Himself

marsbitIeri 08:06

Gate Research Institute: The 'Wall Street-ization' Wave of Crypto Financial Products – Competition or Integration?

The article titled "Gate Research Institute: Are Crypto Financial Products Sparking a 'Wall Street' Wave—Competition or Convergence?" explores the evolving relationship between the crypto ecosystem and traditional finance (TradFi). The piece begins by reflecting on Bitcoin's original 2009 vision of decentralization, disintermediation, and moving away from banks. It then contrasts this with the 2024 landscape, where key crypto assets like Bitcoin are increasingly held through Wall Street products like ETFs issued by giants like BlackRock. The article questions whether this signifies that TradFi is systematically taking over the rights to issue, price, custody, and distribute crypto financial assets. The core argument is that this is not a zero-sum takeover but rather a bidirectional convergence where each side addresses the other's weaknesses. Crypto offers 24/7 global markets, programmable settlement, and open access but lacks compliant channels, institutional-grade custody, deep fiat liquidity, and mainstream distribution. TradFi possesses these but is constrained by legacy systems, limited operating hours, and slow settlement. Two primary convergence paths are highlighted: * **Path A (CEX to TradFi):** Exemplified by Gate, which has progressed from offering tokenized stocks and CFDs to providing direct, real stock trading (US, Hong Kong, South Korea) within its platform, using USDT. * **Path B (TradFi to Crypto):** Exemplified by Robinhood, which has integrated crypto trading, acquired exchanges like Bitstamp, and is moving traditional assets like stocks onto the blockchain via tokenization and its own Layer 2. Both paths are ultimately competing to become the next-generation, unified financial account—a "super account" where users can seamlessly trade cryptocurrencies, stocks, ETFs, RWA (Real World Assets), and tokenized treasury products in one interface. The growth of RWA and tokenized treasuries (e.g., BlackRock's BUIDL) is presented as the asset-layer fusion, providing stable, yield-bearing assets on-chain and acting as a bridge between the two worlds. In conclusion, the "Wall Street-ization" of crypto is framed as a mutual transformation. Decentralized ideals persist in the protocol layer, while at the application layer, a more efficient, global, and accessible unified capital market is emerging from this convergence. The future competition lies not between crypto exchanges and stockbrokers, but between platforms vying to offer the most comprehensive asset coverage, liquidity, and user experience within a single account.

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Gate Research Institute: The 'Wall Street-ization' Wave of Crypto Financial Products – Competition or Integration?

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